Benjamin Peirce (nonfiction): Difference between revisions
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[[File:Benjamin Peirce.jpg|thumb|Benjamin Peirce (1870s).]]'''Benjamin Peirce''' (/ˈpɜːrs/;) FRSFor HFRSE April | [[File:Benjamin Peirce.jpg|thumb|Benjamin Peirce (1870s).]]'''Benjamin Peirce''' (/ˈpɜːrs/;) FRSFor HFRSE 4 April 1809 – 6 October 1880) was an American [[Mathematician (nonfiction)|mathematician]] who taught at Harvard University for approximately 50 years. He made contributions to celestial mechanics, [[Statistics (nonfiction)|statistics]], [[Number theory (nonfiction)|number theory]], [[Algebra (nonfiction)|algebra]], and the [[Philosophy of mathematics (nonfiction)|philosophy of mathematics]]. | ||
== Early Life == | == Early Life == | ||
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=== Mathematics === | === Mathematics === | ||
In [[Number theory (nonfiction)|number theory]], he proved there is no odd perfect number with fewer than four prime factors. | In [[Number theory (nonfiction)|number theory]], he proved there is no odd [[Perfect number (nonfiction)|perfect number]] with fewer than four [[Prime factor (nonfiction)|prime factors]]. | ||
In [[Algebra (nonfiction)|algebra]], he was notable for the study of associative algebras. He first introduced the terms idempotent and nilpotent in 1870 to describe elements of these algebras, and he also introduced the Peirce decomposition. | In [[Algebra (nonfiction)|algebra]], he was notable for the study of [[Associative algebra (nonfiction)|associative algebras]]. He first introduced the terms ''[[Idempotent (nonfiction)|idempotent]]'' and ''[[Nilpotent (nonfiction)|nilpotent]]'' in 1870 to describe elements of these algebras, and he also introduced the [[Peirce decomposition (nonfiction)|Peirce decomposition]]. | ||
In the [[Philosophy of mathematics (nonfiction)|philosophy of mathematics]], he became known for the statement that "Mathematics is the science that draws necessary conclusions". Peirce's definition of mathematics was credited by his son, Charles Sanders Peirce, as helping to initiate the consequence-oriented philosophy of pragmatism. Like [[George Boole (nonfiction)|George Boole]], Peirce believed that mathematics could be used to study logic. These ideas were further developed by son Charles , who noted that logic also includes the study of faulty reasoning. In contrast, the later logicist program of [[Gottlob Frege (nonfiction)|Gottlob Frege]] and [[Bertrand Russell (nonfiction)|Bertrand Russell]] attempted to base mathematics on logic. | In the [[Philosophy of mathematics (nonfiction)|philosophy of mathematics]], he became known for the statement that "Mathematics is the science that draws necessary conclusions". Peirce's definition of mathematics was credited by his son, [[Charles Sanders Peirce (nonfiction)|Charles Sanders Peirce]], as helping to initiate the consequence-oriented philosophy of pragmatism. Like [[George Boole (nonfiction)|George Boole]], Peirce believed that mathematics could be used to study logic. These ideas were further developed by son Charles , who noted that logic also includes the study of faulty reasoning. In contrast, the later logicist program of [[Gottlob Frege (nonfiction)|Gottlob Frege]] and [[Bertrand Russell (nonfiction)|Bertrand Russell]] attempted to base mathematics on logic. | ||
=== Statistics === | === Statistics === | ||
Peirce proposed what came to be known as Peirce's Criterion for the statistical treatment of outliers, that is, of apparently extreme observations. His ideas were further developed by his son Charles. | Peirce proposed what came to be known as [[Peirce's criterion (nonfiction)|Peirce's Criterion]] for the statistical treatment of [[Outlier (nonfiction)|outliers]], that is, of apparently extreme observations. His ideas were further developed by his son Charles. | ||
Peirce was an expert witness in the Howland will forgery trial, where he was assisted by his son Charles. Their analysis of the questioned signature showed that it resembled another particular handwriting example so closely that the chances of such a match were statistically extremely remote. | Peirce was an expert witness in the [[Howland will forgery trial (nonfiction)|Howland will forgery trial]], where he was assisted by his son Charles. Their analysis of the questioned signature showed that it resembled another particular handwriting example so closely that the chances of such a match were statistically extremely remote. | ||
== Private life == | == Private life == | ||
He was devoutly religious, though he seldom published his theological thoughts. Peirce credited God as shaping nature in ways that account for the efficacy of pure mathematics in describing empirical phenomena. Peirce viewed "mathematics as study of God's work by God's creatures", according to an encyclopedia. | He was devoutly religious, though he seldom published his theological thoughts. Peirce credited God as shaping nature in ways that account for the efficacy of pure mathematics in describing empirical phenomena. Peirce viewed "mathematics as study of God's work by God's creatures", according to an encyclopedia. | ||
He was an avid juggler of [[Devil sticks (nonfiction)|devil sticks]] and wrote about the physics of the game in ''Analytic Mechanics''. | |||
He married Sarah Hunt Mills, the daughter of U.S. Senator Elijah Hunt Mills. Peirce and his wife had four sons and one daughter: | |||
* James Mills Peirce (1834–1906), who also taught mathematics at Harvard and succeeded to his father's professorship, | |||
* Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914), a famous logician, polymath and philosopher, | |||
* Benjamin Mills Peirce (1844–1870), who worked as a mining engineer before an early death, | |||
* Helen Huntington Peirce Ellis (1845–1923), who married William Rogers Ellis, and | |||
* Herbert Henry Davis Peirce (1849–1916), who pursued a career in the Foreign Service. | |||
== Legacy == | == Legacy == | ||
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<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
File:Benjamin_Peirce_(1857).jpg|Benjamin Peirce (1857). | File:Benjamin_Peirce_(1857).jpg|Benjamin Peirce (1857). | ||
File:Benjamin Peirce on mathematics.jpg|"Mathematics is the science that draws necessary conclusions." (Benjamin Peirce) | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
Latest revision as of 18:14, 4 April 2021
Benjamin Peirce (/ˈpɜːrs/;) FRSFor HFRSE 4 April 1809 – 6 October 1880) was an American mathematician who taught at Harvard University for approximately 50 years. He made contributions to celestial mechanics, statistics, number theory, algebra, and the philosophy of mathematics.
Early Life
He was born in Salem, Massachusetts, the son of Benjamin Peirce (1778–1831), later librarian of Harvard, and Lydia Ropes Nichols Peirce (1781–1868).
After graduating from Harvard University in 1829, he remained as a tutor, and was subsequently appointed professor of mathematics in 1831. He added astronomy to his portfolio in 1842, and remained as Harvard professor until his death. In addition, he was instrumental in the development of Harvard's science curriculum, served as the college librarian, and was director of the U.S. Coast Survey from 1867 to 1874. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London in 1852.
Mathematics
In number theory, he proved there is no odd perfect number with fewer than four prime factors.
In algebra, he was notable for the study of associative algebras. He first introduced the terms idempotent and nilpotent in 1870 to describe elements of these algebras, and he also introduced the Peirce decomposition.
In the philosophy of mathematics, he became known for the statement that "Mathematics is the science that draws necessary conclusions". Peirce's definition of mathematics was credited by his son, Charles Sanders Peirce, as helping to initiate the consequence-oriented philosophy of pragmatism. Like George Boole, Peirce believed that mathematics could be used to study logic. These ideas were further developed by son Charles , who noted that logic also includes the study of faulty reasoning. In contrast, the later logicist program of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell attempted to base mathematics on logic.
Statistics
Peirce proposed what came to be known as Peirce's Criterion for the statistical treatment of outliers, that is, of apparently extreme observations. His ideas were further developed by his son Charles.
Peirce was an expert witness in the Howland will forgery trial, where he was assisted by his son Charles. Their analysis of the questioned signature showed that it resembled another particular handwriting example so closely that the chances of such a match were statistically extremely remote.
Private life
He was devoutly religious, though he seldom published his theological thoughts. Peirce credited God as shaping nature in ways that account for the efficacy of pure mathematics in describing empirical phenomena. Peirce viewed "mathematics as study of God's work by God's creatures", according to an encyclopedia.
He was an avid juggler of devil sticks and wrote about the physics of the game in Analytic Mechanics.
He married Sarah Hunt Mills, the daughter of U.S. Senator Elijah Hunt Mills. Peirce and his wife had four sons and one daughter:
- James Mills Peirce (1834–1906), who also taught mathematics at Harvard and succeeded to his father's professorship,
- Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914), a famous logician, polymath and philosopher,
- Benjamin Mills Peirce (1844–1870), who worked as a mining engineer before an early death,
- Helen Huntington Peirce Ellis (1845–1923), who married William Rogers Ellis, and
- Herbert Henry Davis Peirce (1849–1916), who pursued a career in the Foreign Service.
Legacy
Benjamin Peirce is often regarded as the earliest American scientist whose research was recognized as world class.
He was an apologist for slavery, opining that it should be condoned if it was used to allow an elite to pursue scientific inquiry.
In the News
Benjamin Peirce (1857).
"Mathematics is the science that draws necessary conclusions." (Benjamin Peirce)
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Fiction cross-reference
Nonfiction cross-reference
- Algebra (nonfiction)
- George Boole (nonfiction)
- Gottlob Frege (nonfiction)
- Mathematician (nonfiction)
- Mathematics (nonfiction)
- Number theory (nonfiction)
- Philosophy of mathematics (nonfiction)
- Bertrand Russell (nonfiction)
- Statistics (nonfiction)
External links
- Benjamin Peirce @ Wikipedia