Pafnuty Chebyshev (nonfiction)

Pafutny Chebyshev.

Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev (16 May [O.S. 4 May] 1821 – 8 December [O.S. 26 November] 1894) was a Russian mathematician known for his work in the fields of probability, statistics, mechanics, and number theory.

Biography

Early years

One of nine children, Chebyshev was born in the village of Okatovo in the district of Borovsk, province of Kaluga, into a family which traced its roots back to a 17th-century Tatar military leader named Khan Chabysh. His father, Lev Pavlovich, was a Russian nobleman and wealthy landowner. Pafnuty Lvovich was first educated at home by his mother Agrafena Ivanovna (in reading and writing) and by his cousin Avdotya Kvintillianovna Sukhareva (in French and arithmetic). Chebyshev mentioned that his music teacher also played an important role in his education, for she “raised his mind to exactness and analysis.”

Trendelenburg's gait affected Chebyshev's adolescence and development. From childhood, he limped and walked with a stick and so his parents abandoned the idea of his becoming an officer in the family tradition. His disability prevented his playing many children's games and he devoted himself instead to mathematics.

In 1832, the family moved to Moscow, mainly to attend to the education of their eldest sons (Pafnuty and Pavel, who would become lawyers). Education continued at home and his parents engaged teachers of excellent reputation, including (for mathematics and physics) P.N. Pogorelski, held to be one of the best teachers in Moscow and who had taught (for example) the writer Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.

University studies

In summer 1837, Chebyshev passed the registration examinations and, in September of that year, began his mathematical studies at the second philosophical department of Moscow University. His teachers included N.D. Brashman, N.E. Zernov and D.M. Perevoshchikov of whom it seems clear that Brashman had the greatest influence on Chebyshev. Brashman instructed him in practical mechanics and probably showed him the work of French engineer J.V. Poncelet. In 1841 Chebyshev was awarded the silver medal for his work “calculation of the roots of equations” which he had finished in 1838. In this, Chebyshev derived an approximating algorithm for the solution of algebraic equations of nth degree based on Newton's method. In the same year, he finished his studies as "most outstanding candidate".

In 1841, Chebyshev’s financial situation changed drastically. There was famine in Russia, and his parents were forced to leave Moscow. Although they could no longer support their son, he decided to continue his mathematical studies and prepared for the master examinations, which lasted six months. Chebyshev passed the final examination in October 1843 and, in 1846, defended his master thesis “An Essay on the Elementary Analysis of the Theory of Probability.” His biographer Prudnikov suggests that Chebyshev was directed to this subject after learning of recently published books on probability theory or on the revenue of the Russian insurance industry.

Adult years

In 1847, Chebyshev promoted his thesis pro venia legendi “On integration with the help of logarithms” at St Petersburg University and thus obtained the right to teach there as a lecturer. At that time some of Leonhard Euler’s works were rediscovered by P. N. Fuss and were being edited by V. Ya. Bunyakovsky, who encouraged Chebyshev to study them. This would come to influence Chebyshev's work. In 1848, he submitted his work The Theory of Congruences for a doctorate, which he defended in May 1849. He was elected an extraordinary professor at St Petersburg University in 1850, ordinary professor in 1860 and, after 25 years of lectureship, he became merited professor in 1872. In 1882 he left the university and devoted his life to research.

During his lectureship at the university (1852–1858), Chebyshev also taught practical mechanics at the Alexander Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo (now Pushkin), a southern suburb of St Petersburg.

His scientific achievements were the reason for his election as junior academician (adjunkt) in 1856. Later, he became an extraordinary (1856) and in 1858 an ordinary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. In the same year he became an honorary member of Moscow University. He accepted other honorary appointments and was decorated several times. In 1856, Chebyshev became a member of the scientific committee of the ministry of national education. In 1859, he became an ordinary member of the ordnance department of the academy with the adoption of the headship of the commission for mathematical questions according to ordnance and experiments related to ballistics. The Paris academy elected him corresponding member in 1860 and full foreign member in 1874. In 1893, he was elected honorable member of the St. Petersburg Mathematical Society, which had been founded three years earlier.

Chebyshev died in St Petersburg on 26 November 1894.

Mathematical contributions

Chebyshev is known for his work in the fields of probability, statistics, mechanics, and number theory. The Chebyshev inequality states that if {\displaystyle X} X is a random variable with standard deviation σ > 0, then the probability that the outcome of {\displaystyle X} X is no less than {\displaystyle a\sigma } a\sigma away from its mean is no more than {\displaystyle 1/a^{2}} 1/a^{2}:

{\displaystyle \Pr(|X-{\mathbf {E} }(X)|\geq a\,\sigma )\leq {\frac {1}{a^{2}}}.} \Pr(|X-{\mathbf {E} }(X)|\geq a\,\sigma )\leq {\frac {1}{a^{2}}}. The Chebyshev inequality is used to prove the weak law of large numbers.

The Bertrand–Chebyshev theorem (1845,1852) states that for any {\displaystyle n>1} n>1, there exists a prime number {\displaystyle p} p such that {\displaystyle n<p<2n} n<p<2n. This is a consequence of the Chebyshev inequalities for the number {\displaystyle \pi (n)} \pi (n) of prime numbers less than {\displaystyle n} n, which state that {\displaystyle \pi (n)} \pi (n) is of the order of {\displaystyle n/\log(n)} n/\log(n). A more precise form is given by the celebrated prime number theorem: the quotient of the two expressions approaches 1.0 as {\displaystyle n} n tends to infinity.

Chebyshev is also known for the Chebyshev polynomials and the Chebyshev bias – the difference between the number of primes that are congruent to 3 (modulo 4) and 1 (modulo 4).

Name

Russian: Пафну́тий Льво́вич Чебышёв, IPA: [pɐfˈnutʲɪj ˈlʲvovʲɪtɕ tɕɪbɨˈʂof].

His name can be alternatively transliterated as Chebysheff, Chebychov, Chebyshov; or Tchebychev, Tchebycheff (French transcriptions); or Tschebyschev, Tschebyschef, Tschebyscheff (German transcriptions). Chebychev, mixture between English and French transliterations, is sometimes erroneously used.

Publications

• Tchebychef, P. L. (1899), Markov, Andreĭ Andreevich; Sonin, N. (eds.), Oeuvres, I, New York: Commissionaires de l'Académie impériale des sciences, MR 0147353, Reprinted by Chelsea 1962
• Tchebychef, P. L. (1907), Markov, Andreĭ Andreevich; Sonin, N. (eds.), Oeuvres, II, New York: Commissionaires de l'Académie impériale des sciences, MR 0147353, Reprinted by Chelsea 1962
• Butzer (1999), "P. L. Chebyshev (1821–1894): A Guide to his Life and Work", Journal of Approximation Theory, 96: 111–138, doi:10.1006/jath.1998.3289

References

• Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
• Biography in MacTutor Archive
• Paul Butzer & François Jongmans, P. L. Chebyshev (1821-1894) : A Guide to his Life and Work, Journal of Approximation Theory, vol. 96, p. 112 (1999)
• Pafnuty Chebyshev at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(2010) Chebyshev". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (2010) Chebyshev. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 163. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_2011. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.

External links

• Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Chebichev, Pafnutiy Lvovich.
• Mechanisms by Chebyshev – short 3d films – embodiment of Tchebishev's inventions
• Pafnuty Chebyshev at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Pafnuty Chebyshev", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
• Works by or about Pafnuty Chebyshev in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Biography, another one, and yet another (all in Russian).
• Œuvres de P.L. Tchebychef (in French)

Fiction cross-reference

• Crimes against mathematical constants
• Gnomon algorithm
• Gnomon Chronicles
• Mathematician
• Mathematics

Nonfiction cross-reference

• Mathematician (nonfiction)
• Mathematics (nonfiction)
• Number theory (nonfiction)
• Probability (nonfiction)
• Statistics (nonfiction)

External links:

• Pafutny Chebyshev @ Wikipedia