Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (nonfiction)

Portrait of Leibniz by Christoph Bernhard Francke.

Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (/ˈlaɪbnɪts/; German: [ˈɡɔtfʁiːt ˈvɪlhɛlm fɔn ˈlaɪbnɪts] or [ˈlaɪpnɪts]; French: Godefroi Guillaume Leibnitz; 1 July 1646 [O.S. 21 June] – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy, having developed differential and integral calculus independently of Isaac Newton.

Leibniz's notation has been widely used ever since it was published. It was only in the 20th century that his Law of Continuity and Transcendental Law of Homogeneity found mathematical implementation (by means of non-standard analysis).

He became one of the most prolific inventors in the field of mechanical calculators. While working on adding automatic multiplication and division to Pascal's calculator. He was the first to describe a pinwheel calculator (1685). He invented the Leibniz wheel, used in the arithmometer, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator.

Leibniz refined the binary number system, which is the foundation of virtually all digital computers.

On April 28, 1693, Leibniz wrote to Guillaume de l'Hôpital, announcing his discovery of determinants fifty years before Cramer, who was the real driving force in the development of determinants. Leibniz's work had little or no influence because it was not published until 1850 in his Mathematische Schriften.

On October 25, 1713, Leibniz, in a letter to Johann Bernoulli, observed that an alternating series whose terms monotonically decrease to zero in absolute value is convergent.

In philosophy, Leibniz is most noted for his optimism, i.e. his conclusion that our Universe is, in a restricted sense, the best possible one that God could have created, an idea that was often lampooned by others such as Voltaire.

Leibniz, along with René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, was one of the three great 17th-century advocates of rationalism.

The work of Leibniz anticipated modern logic and analytic philosophy, but his philosophy also looks back to the scholastic tradition, in which conclusions are produced by applying reason to first principles or prior definitions rather than to empirical evidence.

Leibniz made major contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in philosophy, probability theory, biology, medicine, geology, psychology, linguistics, and computer science. He wrote works on philosophy, politics, law, ethics, theology, history, and philology. Leibniz's contributions to this vast array of subjects were scattered in various learned journals, in tens of thousands of letters, and in unpublished manuscripts.

He wrote in several languages, but primarily in Latin, French, and German.

In the News

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  Polymath Roger Joseph Boscovich is nicknamed the "Croatian Leibniz" by theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg.

Fiction cross-reference

• Crimes against mathematical constants
• Gnomon algorithm
• Mathematics

Nonfiction cross-reference

• Johann Bernoulli (nonfiction)
• Calculus (nonfiction)
• Computational metaphysics (nonfiction) - a formal, axiomatic metaphysics (i.e., the study of metaphysics using formally represented axioms and premises to derive conclusions) in an automated reasoning environment
• René Descartes (nonfiction)
• Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy (nonfiction)
• Mathematician (nonfiction)
• Isaac Newton (nonfiction)
• Pascal's calculator (nonfiction)
• Baruch Spinoza (nonfiction)

External links:

• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz @ Wikipedia

[[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (nonfiction)]