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On This Day in History
7-12-1831 Gauss to Schumacher: "I protest against the use of an infinite quantity as an actual entity; this is never allowed in mathematics. This infinite is only a matter of speaking, in which one properly speaks of limits to which certain ratios can come as near as desired, while others are permitted to increase without bound."
7-12-1925 Werner Heisenberg announced basic principles of quantum mechanics. He received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1932.
7-13-1527 John Dee born in London, England. In 1570 he wrote a "fruitfull Praeface" to Billingsley's translation of Euclid's Elements, which he edited. This was the first English edition of the Elements.
7-13-1733 Giovanni Saccheri, a Jesuit priest in Italy, received the imprimatur of the Inquisition for his Euclides ab Omni Naevo Vindicatus, an important forerunner of non-Euclidean geometry.
7-13-1832 Babbage received Gold Medal. Charles Babbage was the first recipient of the Royal Astronomical Society's Gold Medal. He earned it for his work "Observations on the Application of Machinery to the Computation of Numerical Tables."
Rehuel Lobatto (June 6, 1797 – February 9, 1866) was a Dutch mathematician. Pic.
Ferdinand François Désiré Budan de Boislaurent (28 September 1761 – 6 October 1840) was a French amateur mathematician, best known for a tract, Nouvelle méthode pour la résolution des équations numériques, first published in Paris in 1807, but based on work from 1803. Pic (book cover).
Freedom
https://boingboing.net/2019/01/18/all-are-in-chains.html
Scallop shell pilgrimage
Since the ninth century, pilgrims traveling to Santiago de Compostela in Spain have followed a route marked by scallop shells.
In the Middle Ages, shells of the species Pecten maximus were collected on the nearby Galician coast and sold to pilgrims who wore them as prized symbols of a successful pilgrimage.