Snippets (math and computing)
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Lotka–Volterra equations
The Lotka–Volterra equations, also known as the predator–prey equations, are a pair of first-order nonlinear differential equations, frequently used to describe the dynamics of biological systems in which two species interact, one as a predator and the other as prey. The populations change through time according to the pair of equations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_equations
Klee–Minty cube
The Klee–Minty cube or Klee–Minty polytope (named after Victor Klee and George J. Minty (de)) is a unit hypercube of variable dimension whose corners have been perturbed. Klee and Minty demonstrated that George Dantzig's simplex algorithm has poor worst-case performance when initialized at one corner of their "squashed cube".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klee%E2%80%93Minty_cube
Browser machine learning
Divergent series
Les séries divergentes sont en général quelque chose de bien fatal et c’est une honte qu’on ose y fonder aucune démonstration. ("Divergent series are in general something fatal, and it is a disgrace to base any proof on them." Often translated as "Divergent series are an invention of the devil …") N. H. Abel, letter to Holmboe, January 1826, reprinted in volume 2 of his collected papers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_series
Fuzzing
Fuzzing or fuzz testing is an automated software testing technique that involves providing invalid, unexpected, or random data as inputs to a computer program.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzing
Sturmian word
In mathematics, a Sturmian word (Sturmian sequence or billiard sequence), named after Jacques Charles François Sturm, is a certain kind of infinitely long sequence of characters. Such a sequence can be generated by considering a game of English billiards on a square table. The struck ball will successively hit the vertical and horizontal edges labelled 0 and 1 generating a sequence of letters. This sequence is a Sturmian word.
Bathtub curve
The bathtub curve is widely used in reliability engineering. It describes a particular form of the hazard function which comprises three parts:
- The first part is a decreasing failure rate, known as early failures.
- The second part is a constant failure rate, known as random failures.
- The third part is an increasing failure rate, known as wear-out failures.
The name is derived from the cross-sectional shape of a bathtub: steep sides and a flat bottom.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathtub_curve
Slack variable
Slack variable: In an optimization problem, a slack variable is a variable that is added to an inequality constraint to transform it into an equality. Introducing a slack variable replaces an inequality constraint with an equality constraint and a non-negativity constraint on the slack variable.