Timeline (nonfiction): Difference between revisions

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Ancient
The '''Timeline''' comprises non-fictional "On This Day in History" items.


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* [[Timeline: Early (nonfiction)]]: Earliest - 1699 AD
File:Eclipse.jpg|link=Eclipse (nonfiction)|413 BC Aug. 28: A lunar [[Eclipse (nonfiction)|eclipse]] caused panic among the sailors of the Athens fleet and thus affected the outcome of a crucial battle in the Peloponnesian War. The Athenians were ready to withdraw their forces from Syracuse when the Moon was eclipsed, but the eclipse caused the superstitious Athenian general Nicias to delay their departure. This delay gave an advantage to their enemies, the Syracusans, who then defeated the entire Athenian fleet and army, and killed Nicias.
* [[Timeline: Middle (nonfiction)]]: 1700 AD - 1899 AD
* [[Timeline: Modern (nonfiction)]]: 1900 AD - present


File:Demosthenes.jpg|link=Demosthenes (nonfiction)|322 BC Oct. 12: Athenian politician and orator [[Demosthenes (nonfiction)|Demosthenes]] takes his own life, to avoid being arrested by the agents of his enemies.
[[Category:Nonfiction (nonfiction)]]
 
File:Julius_Caesar_-_Tusculum_portrait.jpg|link=Julius Caesar (nonfiction)|100 BC Jul. 13: Roman general and statesman [[Julius Caesar (nonfiction)|Julius Caesar]] born. He will play a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.
 
File:Julius_Caesar_-_Tusculum_portrait.jpg|link=Julius Caesar (nonfiction)|44 BC: [[Julius Caesar (nonfiction)|Julius Caesar]], Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Gaius Cassius Longinus, Decimus Junius Brutus, and several other Roman senators on the Ides of March.
 
File:Sunspots.jpg|link=Sunspot (nonfiction)|28 BC May 10: A [[Sunspot (nonfiction)|sunspot]] is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China.
 
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900s
 
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File:Buzjani.jpg|link=Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani (nonfiction)|940 Jun. 10: Mathematician and astronomer [[Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani (nonfiction)|Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī]] born. His ''Almagest'' will be widely read by medieval Arabic astronomers in the centuries after his death.
 
File:Buzjani.jpg|link=Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani (nonfiction)|998 Jul 15: Mathematician and astronomer [[Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani (nonfiction)|Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī]] dies. His ''Almagest'' was widely read by medieval Arabic astronomers in the centuries after his death.
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1000s
 
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File:Hermann_der_Lahme.gif|link=Hermann of Reichenau (nonfiction)|1013 Jul 18: Composer, mathematician, and astronomer [[Hermann of Reichenau (nonfiction)|Hermann of Reichenau]] born. He will write a treatise on the science of music, several works on geometry and arithmetic, and astronomical treatises (including instructions for the construction of an astrolabe, then a very novel device in Western Europe).
File:Hermann_der_Lahme.gif|link=Hermann of Reichenau (nonfiction)|1054 Sep. 24: Composer, mathematician, and astronomer [[Hermann of Reichenau (nonfiction)|Hermann of Reichenau]] dies. He wrote a treatise on the science of music, several works on geometry and arithmetics and astronomical treatises (including instructions for the construction of an astrolabe, at the time a very novel device in Western Europe).
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1100s
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File:Statue of Ibn Rushd in Cordoba.jpg|link=Ibn Rushd (nonfiction)|1126 Apr. 14: Polymath [[Ibn Rushd (nonfiction)|Ibn Rushd]]  (Averoess) born. He will write on logic, Aristotelian and Islamic philosophy, theology, the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, psychology, political and Andalusian classical music theory, geography, mathematics, and the mediæval sciences of medicine, astronomy, physics, and celestial mechanics.
 
File:Giordano Bruno crater.jpg|link=Giordano Bruno (crater) (nonfiction)|1178 Jun. 18: Five Canterbury monks see what is possibly the [[Giordano Bruno (crater) (nonfiction)|Giordano Bruno crater]] being formed. It is believed that the current oscillations of the Moon's distance from the Earth (on the order of meters) are a result of this collision.
 
File:Statue of Ibn Rushd in Cordoba.jpg|link=Ibn Rushd (nonfiction)|1198 Dec. 10: Polymath [[Ibn Rushd (nonfiction)|Ibn Rushd]] (Averoess) dies. He wrote on logic, Aristotelian and Islamic philosophy, theology, the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, psychology, political and Andalusian classical music theory, geography, mathematics, and the mediæval sciences of medicine, astronomy, physics, and celestial mechanics.
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1200's
 
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File:Albertus Magnus.jpg|link=Albertus Magnus (nonfiction)|1280 Nov. 15: Bishop, theologian, and philosopher [[Albertus Magnus (nonfiction)|Albertus Magnus]] dies. He was known during his lifetime as ''doctor universalis'' and ''doctor expertus'' and, late in his life, the term ''magnus'' was appended to his name.
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1300's
 
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File:Gentile da Foligno (Nuremberg Chronicle).jpg|link=Gentile da Foligno (nonfiction)|1348 Jun. 18: Physician and academic [[Gentile da Foligno (nonfiction)|Gentile Gentili da Foligno]] dies. Da Foligno was among the first European physicians to perform a dissection on a human being (1341).
File:Jan Kanty.jpg|link=John Cantius (nonfiction)|1390 Jun. 23: Priest, philosopher, physicist, and theologian [[John Cantius (nonfiction)|John Cantius]] born. He will help develop Jean Buridan's theory of impetus, anticipating the work of Galileo and Newton.
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1400s
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File:Nezahualcoyotl.jpg|link=Nezahualcoyotl (nonfiction)|1402 Apr. 28: Aztec philosopher, warrior, architect, poet, and ruler [[Nezahualcoyotl (nonfiction)|Nezahualcoyotl]] born. He will have an experience of an "Unknown, Unknowable Lord of Everywhere" to whom he will build an entirely empty temple in which no blood sacrifices of any kind will be allowed.
 
File:Theoricarum by Peuerbach 1915.png|link=Georg von Peuerbach (nonfiction)|1423 May 30: Mathematician and astronomer [[Georg von Peuerbach (nonfiction)|Georg von Peuerbach]] born.  He will be remembered for his streamlined presentation of Ptolemaic astronomy in the ''Theoricae Novae Planetarum''.
File:Antonio Manetti.jpg|link=Antonio Manetti (nonfiction)|1423 Jul. 6: Mathematician and architect [[Antonio Manetti (nonfiction)|Antonio Manetti]] born. He will investigate the site, shape and size of Dante's ''Inferno'', and write a biography of the architect Filippo Brunelleschi.
 
File:Marsilio Ficino from a fresco by Domenico Ghirlandaio.jpg|link=Marsilio Ficino (nonfiction)|1433 Oct. 19: Priest, humanist philosopher, and astrologer [[Marsilio Ficino (nonfiction)|Marsilio Ficino]] born. His Florentine Academy, an attempt to revive Plato's Academy, will influence the direction and tenor of the Italian Renaissance and the development of European philosophy.
 
File:Regiomontanus Nuremberg chronicles.jpg|link=Regiomontanus (nonfiction)|1436 June 6: Mathematician, astronomer, and bishop [[Regiomontanus (nonfiction)|Johann Regiomontanus]] born. His contributions will be instrumental in the development of Copernican heliocentrism in the decades following his death.
 
File:Leonardo by Meizi.jpg|link=Leonardo da Vinci (nonfiction)|1452: Polymath [[Leonardo da Vinci (nonfiction)|Leonardo da Vinci]] born. His areas of interest will include painting, sculpting, architecture, invention, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography.
File:Johannes Stöffler.jpg|link=Johannes Stöffler (nonfiction)|1452 Dec. 10: Mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, priest, maker of astronomical instruments, and professor [[Johannes Stöffler (nonfiction)|Johannes Stöffler]] born.
 
File:Title page of the Astrolabium of Johannes Engel, printed by Johann Emerich, Venice 1494.jpg|link=Johannes Engel (nonfiction)|1453 Mar. 2: Doctor, astronomer, and astrologer [[Johannes Engel (nonfiction)|Johannes Engel]] born. He will publish numerous almanacs, planetary tables, and calendars.
 
File:Theoricarum by Peuerbach 1915.png|link=Georg von Peuerbach (nonfiction)|1461 Apr. 8: Mathematician and astronomer [[Georg von Peuerbach (nonfiction)|Georg von Peuerbach]] dies.  He is remembered for his streamlined presentation of Ptolemaic astronomy in the ''Theoricae Novae Planetarum''.
 
File:Johannes Trithemius.jpg|link=Johannes Trithemius (nonfiction)|1462 Feb. 1: Polymath [[Johannes Trithemius (nonfiction)|Johannes Trithemius]] born. He will be remembered as a lexicographer, chronicler, cryptographer, and occultist.
 
File:Martin Waldseemüller.jpg|link=Martin Waldseemüller (nonfiction)|1470 Sep. 11: Mapmaker [[Martin Waldseemüller (nonfiction)|Martin Waldseemüller]] born. He will produce a globular world map and a large 12-panel world wall map using the information from Columbus and Vespucci's travels (Universalis Cosmographia), both bearing the first use of the name "America".
 
File:Albrecht Dürer self-portrait.jpg|link=Albrecht Dürer (nonfiction)|1471 May 21: Painter, engraver, and mathematician [[Albrecht Dürer (nonfiction)|Albrecht Dürer]] born. Dürer will be regarded as the greatest German Renaissance artist: his vast body of work will include altarpieces and religious works, numerous portraits and self-portraits, and copper engravings.
 
File:Nezahualcoyotl.jpg|link=Nezahualcoyotl (nonfiction)|1472 Jun. 4: Aztec philosopher, warrior, architect, poet, and ruler [[Nezahualcoyotl (nonfiction)|Nezahualcoyotl]] dies. He had an experience of an "Unknown, Unknowable Lord of Everywhere" to whom he built an entirely empty temple in which no blood sacrifices of any kind were allowed.
 
File:Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg|link=Nicolaus Copernicus (nonfiction)|1473 Feb. 19: Mathematician and astronomer [[Nicolaus Copernicus (nonfiction)|Nicolaus Copernicus]] born. He will formulate a model of the universe that places the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe.
File:Jan Kanty.jpg|link=John Cantius (nonfiction)|1473 Dec. 24: Priest, philosopher, physicist, and theologian [[John Cantius (nonfiction)|John Cantius]] dies. He helped develop Jean Buridan's theory of impetus, anticipating the work of Galileo and Newton.
 
File:Ali_Qushji_at_the_feet_of_Mehmed_II_(detail).jpg|link=Ali Qushji (nonfiction)|1474 Dec. 16: Astronomer, mathematician, and physicist [[Ali Qushji (nonfiction)|Ali Qushji]] dies. Qushji contributed to the development of astronomical physics independent from natural philosophy, and provided empirical evidence for the Earth's rotation.
 
File:Regiomontanus Nuremberg chronicles.jpg|link=Regiomontanus (nonfiction)|1476 Jul. 6: Mathematician, astronomer, and bishop [[Regiomontanus (nonfiction)|Johann Regiomontanus]] dies. Regiomontanu made contributions to astronomy which will be instrumental in the development of Copernican heliocentrism in the follwing decades.
 
File:Johannes Schöner.jpg|link=Johannes Schöner (nonfiction)|1477 Jan. 16: [[Johannes Schöner (nonfiction)|Johannes Schöner]] born. He will enjoy a European wide reputation as an innovative and influential globe maker and cosmographer and as one of the continent's leading and most authoritative astrologers.
 
File:Toscanelli.jpg|link=Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli (nonfiction)|1482 May 10: Mathematician and astronomer [[Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli (nonfiction)|Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli]] dies. Thanks to his long life, his intelligence and his wide interests, Toscanelli was one of the central figures in the intellectual and cultural history of Renaissance Florence in its early years.
 
File:Antonio Manetti.jpg|link=Antonio Manetti (nonfiction)|1497 May 26: Mathematician and architect [[Antonio Manetti (nonfiction)|Antonio Manetti]] dies. He investigated the site, shape and size of Dante's ''Inferno'', and wrote a biography of the architect Filippo Brunelleschi.
 
File:Marsilio Ficino from a fresco by Domenico Ghirlandaio.jpg|link=Marsilio Ficino (nonfiction)|1499 Oct. 1: Priest, humanist philosopher, and astrologer [[Marsilio Ficino (nonfiction)|Marsilio Ficino]] dies. His Florentine Academy, an attempt to revive Plato's Academy, influenced the direction and tenor of the Italian Renaissance and the development of European philosophy.
 
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1500s
 
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File:Gerolamo Cardano.jpg|link=Gerolamo Cardano (nonfiction)|1501 Sep. 24: [[Gerolamo Cardano (nonfiction)|Gerolamo Cardano]] born. He will be one of the most influential mathematicians of the Renaissance.
 
File:Pedro Nunes.png|link=Pedro Nunes (nonfiction)|1502 Jan. 11: Mathematician, cosmographer, and academic [[Pedro Nunes (nonfiction)|Pedro Nunes]] born. He will be one of the greatest mathematicians of his time, known for his mathematical approach to navigation and cartography.
File:Christian Egenolff.jpg|link=Christian Egenolff (nonfiction)|1502 Jul. 26: [[Christian Egenolff (nonfiction)|Christian Egenolff]] born. He will be the first important printer and publisher operating from Frankfurt-am-Main.
 
File:Reinerus Frisius Gemma, by Maarten van Heemskerck.jpg|link=Gemma Frisius (nonfiction)|1508 Dec. 9: Physician, mathematician, and cartographer [[Gemma Frisius (nonfiction)|Gemma Frisius]] born. He will create important globes, improve the mathematical instruments of his day, and apply mathematics to surveying and navigation in new ways.
 
File:Bernardino Telesio.jpg|link=Bernardino Telesio (nonfiction)|1509 Nov. 7: Philosopher and scientist [[Bernardino Telesio (nonfiction)|Bernardino Telesio]] born. His emphasis on observation will influence the emergence of the scientific method.
 
File:Title page of the Astrolabium of Johannes Engel, printed by Johann Emerich, Venice 1494.jpg|link=Johannes Engel (nonfiction)|1512 Sep. 29: Doctor, astronomer, and astrologer [[Johannes Engel (nonfiction)|Johannes Engel]] dies. He published numerous almanacs, planetary tables, and calendars.
 
File:Johannes Trithemius.jpg|link=Johannes Trithemius (nonfiction)|1516 Dec. 13: Polymath [[Johannes Trithemius (nonfiction)|Johannes Trithemius]] dies. He is remembered as a lexicographer, chronicler, cryptographer, and occultist.
 
File:Li Shizhen.jpg|link=Li Shizhen (nonfiction)|1518 Jul 3: Physician and scientist [[Li Shizhen (nonfiction)|Li Shizhen]] born. He will develop many innovative methods for the proper classification of herb components and medications to be used for treating diseases, earning a reputation as the greatest scientific naturalist of China.
 
File:Leonardo by Meizi.jpg|link=Leonardo da Vinci (nonfiction)|1519 May 2: Polymath [[Leonardo da Vinci (nonfiction)|Leonardo da Vinci]] dies. His areas of interest included painting, sculpting, architecture, invention, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography.
 
File:Martin Waldseemüller.jpg|link=Martin Waldseemüller (nonfiction)|1520 Mar. 16: Mapmaker [[Martin Waldseemüller (nonfiction)|Martin Waldseemüller]] dies. He produced a globular world map and a large 12-panel world wall map using the information from Columbus and Vespucci's travels (Universalis Cosmographia), both bearing the first use of the name "America".
 
File:Blaise_de_Vigenère.png|link=Blaise de Vigenère (nonfiction)|1523 Apr. 5: Cryptographer and diplomat [[Blaise de Vigenère (nonfiction)]] born. The Vigenère cipher will be misattributed to him;  Vigenère himself will devise a different, stronger cipher.
 
File:Abraham Ortelius by Peter Paul Rubens.jpg|link=Abraham Ortelius (nonfiction)|1527 Apr. 14: Cartographer and geographer [[Abraham Ortelius (nonfiction)|Abraham Ortelius]] born. Ortelius will create the first modern atlas, the ''Theatrum Orbis Terrarum''. He will also be one of the first to imagine that the continents were joined together before drifting to their present positions.
File:John Dee.jpg|link=John Dee (nonfiction)|1527 Jul. 13: Mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer [[John Dee (nonfiction)|John Dee]] born. He will achieve high status as a scholar and play a role in Elizabethan politics.
 
File:Albrecht Dürer self-portrait.jpg|link=Albrecht Dürer (nonfiction)|1528 Apr. 6: Painter, engraver, and mathematician [[Albrecht Dürer (nonfiction)|Albrecht Dürer]] dies. Dürer is regarded as the greatest German Renaissance artist: his vast body of work will include altarpieces and religious works, numerous portraits and self-portraits, and copper engravings.
File:Michele_Mercati_by_Petrus_Nellus.jpg|link=Michele Mercati (nonfiction)|1541 Apr. 8: Physician and archaeologist [[Michele Mercati (nonfiction)|Michele Mercati]] born. He will be one of the first scholars to recognize prehistoric stone tools as human-made rather than natural or mythologically created thunderstones.
 
File:Michel de Montaigne.jpg|link=Michel de Montaigne (nonfiction)|1533 Feb. 28: Philosopher and author [[Michel de Montaigne (nonfiction)|Michel de Montaigne]] born. He will be one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance, known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre.
 
File:Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg|link=Nicolaus Copernicus (nonfiction)|1543 May 24: Mathematician and astronomer [[Nicolaus Copernicus (nonfiction)|Nicolaus Copernicus]] dies. He formulated a model of the universe that places the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe.
 
File:Johannes Schöner.jpg|link=Johannes Schöner (nonfiction)|1547 Jan. 16: [[Johannes Schöner (nonfiction)|Johannes Schöner]] dies. He enjoyed a European wide reputation as an innovative and influential globe maker and cosmographer and as one of the continent's leading and most authoritative astrologers.
File:Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin.jpg|link=Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin (nonfiction)|1547 Sep. 22: Philologist, mathematician, astronomer, and poet [[Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin (nonfiction)|Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin]] born. His prolific and versatile genius will produce a great variety of works, but his reckless life and libelous letters will lead to imprisonment.
 
File:Michael Maestlin.jpg|link=Michael Maestlin (nonfiction)|1550 Sep. 30: Astronomer and mathematician [[Michael Maestlin (nonfiction)|Michael Maestlin]] born. He will be a mentor to [[Johannes Kepler (nonfiction)|Johannes Kepler]], and play a sizable part in his adoption of the Copernican system.
File:Cesare Cremonini.jpg|link=Cesare Cremonini (nonfiction)|1550 Dec. 22:  Philosopher and academic [[Cesare Cremonini (nonfiction)|Cesare Cremonini]] born. His work will promote rationalism (against revelation) and Aristotelian materialism (against the dualist immortality of the soul) inside scholasticism.
 
File:Pedro Mejía.jpg|link=Pedro Mexía (nonfiction)|1551 Jan. 17: Writer, humanist, and historian [[Pedro Mexía (nonfiction)|Pedro Mexía]] dies. He wrote ''Silva de varia lección'' ("A Miscellany of Several Lessons"), which became an early best seller across Europe.
 
File:Paolo Sarpi.jpg|link=Paolo Sarpi (nonfiction)|1552 Aug. 14: Statesman, scientist, and historian [[Paolo Sarpi (nonfiction)|Paolo Sarpi]] born. He will be a proponent of the Copernican system, a friend and patron of Galileo Galilei, and a keen follower of the latest research on anatomy, astronomy, and ballistics at the University of Padua.
 
File:Christian Egenolff.jpg|link=Christian Egenolff (nonfiction)|1555 Feb. 9: [[Christian Egenolff (nonfiction)|Christian Egenolff]] dies. He was the first important printer and publisher operating from Frankfurt-am-Main.
File:Reinerus Frisius Gemma, by Maarten van Heemskerck.jpg|link=Gemma Frisius (nonfiction)|1555 May 25: Physician, mathematician, and cartographer [[Gemma Frisius (nonfiction)|Gemma Frisius]] dies.  He created important globes, improved the mathematical instruments of his day, and applied mathematics to surveying and navigation in new ways.
File:Giovanni Antonio Magini.jpg|link=Giovanni Antonio Magini (nonfiction)|1555 Jun. 13: Mathematician, cartographer, and astronomer [[Giovanni Antonio Magini (nonfiction)|Giovanni Antonio Magini]] born. He will support a geocentric system of the world, in preference to Copernicus's heliocentric system.
File:Oronce Finé.jpg|link=Oronce Finé (nonfiction)|1555 Aug. 8: Mathematician and cartographer [[Oronce Finé (nonfiction)|Oronce Finé]] dies. He was imprisoned in 1524, probably for practicing [[Judicial astrology (nonfiction)|judicial astrology]].
 
File:Tycho Brahe.jpg|link=Tycho Brahe (nonfiction)|1560 Aug. 21: The occurrence at the predicted time of a solar eclipse in Copenhagen turns [[Tycho Brahe (nonfiction)|Tycho Brahe]] towards a life of observational astronomy.
 
File:Thomas Fincke.jpg|link=Thomas Fincke (nonfiction)|1561 Jan. 6: Mathematician and physicist [[Thomas Fincke (nonfiction)|Thomas Fincke]] born. He will introduce the modern names of the trigonometric functions tangent and secant.
 
File:Cornelis de Houtman.jpg|link=Cornelis de Houtman (nonfiction)|1565: Explorer [[Cornelis de Houtman (nonfiction)|Cornelis de Houtman]] born. He will discover a new sea route from Europe to Indonesia, beginning the Dutch spice trade.
 
File:Abraham Ortelius by Peter Paul Rubens.jpg|link=Abraham Ortelius (nonfiction)|1570 May 20: Cartographer and geographer [[Abraham Ortelius (nonfiction)|Abraham Ortelius]] issues ''Theatrum Orbis Terrarum'', the first modern atlas. Pic.
File:Gerolamo Cardano.jpg|link=Gerolamo Cardano (nonfiction)|1570 Oct. 6: [[Gerolamo Cardano (nonfiction)|Gerolamo Cardano]] imprisoned for 87 days on charges of impiety (casting a horoscope of Christ). He spent the remaining five years of his life in Rome under the eye of a suspicious pope who nonetheless gave him a pension.
 
File:Adriaan Metius.jpg|link=Adriaan Metius (nonfiction)|1571 Dec. 9:  Mathematician and astronomer [[Adriaan Metius (nonfiction)|Adriaan Metius]] born. He will manufacture precision astronomical instruments, and published treatises on the astrolabe and on surveying.
 
File:Simon Marius.jpg|link=Simon Marius (nonfiction)|1573 Jan. 20: Astronomer [[Simon Marius (nonfiction)|Simon Marius]] born.  He will discover the four largest moons of Jupiter, independently of Galileo Galilei.
 
File:Robert Fludd.jpg|link=Robert Fludd (nonfiction)|1574 Jan. 17: Astrologer, mathematician, cosmologist, Qabalist and Rosicrucian apologist [[Robert Fludd (nonfiction)|Robert Fludd]] born.
File:William Oughtred.jpg|link=William Oughtred (nonfiction)|1574 Mar. 5: Mathematician [[William Oughtred (nonfiction)|William Oughtred]] born. He will invent the slide rule in 1622.
 
File:Gerolamo Cardano.jpg|link=Gerolamo Cardano (nonfiction)|1576 Sep. 21: [[Gerolamo Cardano (nonfiction)|Gerolamo Cardano]] dies. He was one of the most influential mathematicians of the Renaissance.
 
File:Paul Guldin.jpg|link=Paul Guldin (nonfiction)|1577 Jun. 12: Astronomer and mathematician [[Paul Guldin (nonfiction)|Paul Guldin]] born. He will discover the Guldinus theorem, which determines the surface and the volume of a solid of revolution.
 
File:Pedro Nunes.png|link=Pedro Nunes (nonfiction)|1578 Aug. 11: Mathematician, cosmographer, and academic [[Pedro Nunes (nonfiction)|Pedro Nunes]] dies. He was one of the greatest mathematicians of his time, best known for his mathematical approach to navigation and cartography.
 
File:Willebrord Snellius.jpg|link=|1580 Jun. 13: Astronomer and mathematician [[Willebrord Snellius (nonfiction)|Willebrord Snellius]] born. In 1615 he will conduct a large-scale experiment to measure the circumference of the earth using triangulation, underestimating the circumference of the earth by 3.5%.
 
File:Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac.jpg|link=Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac (nonfiction)|1581 Oct. 9: Mathematician and linguist [[Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac (nonfiction)|Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac]] born. He will do work in number theory and find a method of constructing magic squares.
 
File:Jean-Baptiste Morin.jpg|link=Jean-Baptiste Morin (nonfiction)|1583 Feb. 23: Mathematician, astrologer, and astronomer [[Jean-Baptiste Morin (nonfiction)|Jean-Baptiste Morin]] born.
File:Niccolò Zucchi.png|link=Niccolò Zucchi (nonfiction)|1586 Dec 6: Astronomer and physicist [[Niccolò Zucchi (nonfiction)|Niccolò Zucchi]] born. He will publish works on astronomy, optics, mechanics, and magnetism.
 
File:Marin Mersenne.jpg|1588 Sep. 8: Mathematician, theologian, and philosopher [[Marin Mersenne (nonfiction)|Marin Mersenne]] born. He will be remembered as the "father of acoustics".
File:Bernardino Telesio.jpg|link=Bernardino Telesio (nonfiction)|1588 Oct. 2: Philosopher and scientist [[Bernardino Telesio (nonfiction)|Bernardino Telesio]] dies. While his natural theories were later disproven, his emphasis on observation influenced the emergence of the scientific method.
 
File:Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin.jpg|link=Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin (nonfiction)|1590 Nov. 29: Philologist, mathematician, astronomer, and poet [[Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin (nonfiction)|Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin]] dies, killed by a fall in attempting to let himself down from the window of his cell. His prolific and versatile genius produced a great variety of works, but his reckless life and libelous letters led to imprisonment.
 
File:Gérard Desargues.jpg|link=Girard Desargues (nonfiction)|1591 Feb. 21: Mathematician and engineer [[Girard Desargues (nonfiction)|Girard Desargues]] born. He will be one of the founders of projective geometry.
File:Delmedigo.jpg|link=Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (nonfiction)|1591 June 16: Physician, mathematician, and theorist [[Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (nonfiction)|Joseph Solomon Delmedigo]] born. He will write  ''Elim'' (Palms), dealing astronomy, physics, mathematics, medicine, metaphysics, and music theory.
 
File:Wilhelm_Schickard_1632.jpg|link=Wilhelm Schickard (nonfiction)|1592 Apr. 22: Minister, scholar, astronomer, mathematician, cartographer, and inventor [[Wilhelm Schickard (nonfiction)|Wilhelm Schickard]] born.  He will design and build calculating machines, and invent techniques for producing improved maps.
File:Michel de Montaigne.jpg|link=Michel de Montaigne (nonfiction)|1592 Sep. 13: Philosopher and author [[Michel de Montaigne (nonfiction)|Michel de Montaigne]] dies. He was one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance, known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre.
 
File:Michele_Mercati_by_Petrus_Nellus.jpg|link=Michele Mercati (nonfiction)|1593 Jun. 25: Physician and archaeologist [[Michele Mercati (nonfiction)|Michele Mercati]] dies. He was one of the first scholars to recognize prehistoric stone tools as human-made rather than natural or mythologically created thunderstones.
 
File:Blaise_de_Vigenère.png|link=Blaise de Vigenère (nonfiction)|1596 Feb. 19: Cryptographer and diplomat [[Blaise de Vigenère (nonfiction)]] dies. The Vigenère cipher was misattributed to him;  Vigenère himself devised a different, stronger cipher.
 
File:Jean-Charles della Faille by Anthony van Dyck.jpg|link=Jean-Charles della Faille (nonfiction)|1597 Mar. 1: Priest and mathematician [[Jean-Charles della Faille (nonfiction)|Jean-Charles della Faille]] born. He will publish a method for calculating the center of gravity of the sector of a circle.
File:Johannes Kepler 1610.jpg|link=Johannes Kepler (nonfiction)|1597 Oct. 13: Astronomer [[Johannes Kepler (nonfiction)|Johannes Kepler]] replied to [[Galileo Galilei (nonfiction)|Galileo]]'s letter of 4 August, 1597, urging him to be bold and proceed openly in his advocacy of Copernicanism.
 
File:Giovanni_Battista_Riccioli.jpg|link=Giovanni Battista Riccioli (nonfiction)|1598 Apr. 17: Priest and astromomer [[Giovanni Battista Riccioli (nonfiction)|Giovanni Battista Riccioli]] born. He will experiment with pendulums and falling bodies, discuss arguments concerning the motion of the Earth, and introduce the current scheme of lunar nomenclature.
File:Abraham Ortelius by Peter Paul Rubens.jpg|link=Abraham Ortelius (nonfiction)|1598 Jun. 28: Cartographer and geographer [[Abraham Ortelius (nonfiction)|Abraham Ortelius]] dies. Ortelius created the first modern atlas, the ''Theatrum Orbis Terrarum''. He was also one of the first to imagine that the continents were joined together before drifting to their present positions.
 
File:Cornelis de Houtman.jpg|link=Cornelis de Houtman (nonfiction)|1599 Sep. 1: Explorer [[Cornelis de Houtman (nonfiction)|Cornelis de Houtman]] dies. He discovered a new sea route from Europe to Indonesia, beginning the Dutch spice trade.
 
</gallery>
 
1600s
 
<gallery>
File:Giordano Bruno.jpg|link=Giordano Bruno (nonfiction)|1600 Feb. 17:  Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician, poet, and cosmological theorist [[Giordano Bruno (nonfiction)|Giordano Bruno]] is burned at the stake.
File:Huaynaputina.jpg|link=Huaynaputina (nonfiction)|1600 Feb. 19: The [[Huaynaputina (nonfiction)|Peruvian stratovolcano Huaynaputina]] explodes in the most violent eruption in the recorded history of South America.
 
File:Gilles Personne de Roberval.jpg|link=Gilles de Roberval (nonfiction)|1602 Aug. 10: Mathematician and academic [[Gilles de Roberval (nonfiction)|Gilles de Roberval]] born. He will publish a system of the universe in which he supports the [[Nicolaus Copernicus (nonfiction)|Copernican heliocentric system]] and attributes a mutual attraction to all particles of matter.
 
File:Johann Rudolf Glauber.jpg|link=Johann Rudolf Glauber (nonfiction)|1604 May 10: Alchemist and chemist [[Johann Rudolf Glauber (nonfiction)|Johann Rudolf Glauber]] born. He will be an early industrial chemical engineer.
File:Johannes Kepler 1610.jpg|link=Johannes Kepler (nonfiction)|1604 Oct. 17: Kepler's Supernova: German astronomer [[Johannes Kepler (nonfiction)|Johannes Kepler]] observes a supernova in the constellation Ophiuchus.
 
File:Ismaël Boulliau.jpg|link=Ismaël Bullialdus (nonfiction)|1605 Sep. 28: Mathematician and astronomer [[Ismaël Bullialdus (nonfiction)|Ismaël Bullialdus]] born. He will be an active member of the Republic of Letters, and an early defender of the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo.
 
File:Paolo Sarpi.jpg|link=Paolo Sarpi (nonfiction)|1607 Oct. 5: Assassins sent by Pope Paul V attempt to kill Venetian statesman and scientist [[Paolo Sarpi (nonfiction)|Paolo Sarpi]], who survives fifteen stiletto thrusts.
 
File:Evangelista Torricelli by Lorenzo Lippi.jpg|link=Evangelista Torricelli (nonfiction)|1608 Oct. 15: Physicist and mathematician [[Evangelista Torricelli (nonfiction)|Evangelista Torricelli]] born. He will invent the barometer, make advances in optics, and work on the method of indivisibles.
 
File:Hasegawa Tohaku - Pine Trees (Shōrin-zu byōbu) - left hand screen.jpg|link=Hasegawa Tōhaku (nonfiction)|1610 Mar 19: Painter [[Hasegawa Tōhaku (nonfiction)|Hasegawa Tōhaku]] dies.  He founded the Hasegawa school and one of the great painters of the Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573-1603). He is best known for his ''byōbu'' folding screens, such as ''Pine Trees'' and ''Pine Tree and Flowering Plants''.
File:Matteo_Ricci.jpg|link=Matteo Ricci (nonfiction)|1610 May 11: Priest and mathematician [[Matteo Ricci (nonfiction)|Matteo Ricci]] dies. He translated ''Euclid's Elements'' into Chinese as well as the Confucian classics into Latin for the first time.
 
File:Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg|link=Nicolaus Copernicus (nonfiction)|1616 Mar. 5: [[Nicolaus Copernicus (nonfiction)|Nicolaus Copernicus]]'s book ''On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres'' is added to the Index of Forbidden Books 73 years after it was first published.
File:Andreas Libavius.jpg|link=Andreas Libavius (nonfiction)|1616 Jul. 25: Physician, alchemist and chemist [[Andreas Libavius (nonfiction)|Andreas Libavius]] dies. He accepted the Paracelsian principle of using occult properties to explain phenomena with no apparent cause, but rejected the conclusion that a thing possessing these properties must have an astral connection to the divine.
File:John Wallis by Sir Godfrey Kneller.jpg|link=John Wallis (nonfiction)|1616 Dec. 3: Mathematician and cryptographer [[John Wallis (nonfiction)|John Wallis]] born. He will serve as chief cryptographer for Parliament and, later, the royal court.
 
File:Giovanni Antonio Magini.jpg|link=Giovanni Antonio Magini (nonfiction)|1617 Feb. 11: Mathematician, cartographer, and astronomer [[Giovanni Antonio Magini (nonfiction)|Giovanni Antonio Magini]] dies. He supported a geocentric system of the world, in preference to Copernicus's heliocentric system.
 
File:Johannes Kepler 1610.jpg|link=Johannes Kepler (nonfiction)|1618 Mar. 8: Mathematician and astronomer [[Johannes Kepler (nonfiction)|Johannes Kepler]] discovers the third law of planetary motion.
File:Johannes Kepler 1610.jpg|link=Johannes Kepler (nonfiction)|1618 May 15: [[Johannes Kepler (nonfiction)|Johannes Kepler]] confirms his previously rejected discovery of the third law of planetary motion (he first discovered it on March 8 but soon rejected the idea after some initial calculations were made).
 
File:Vincenzo Viviani.jpg|link=Vincenzo Viviani (nonfiction)|1622 Apr. 5: Mathematician and scientist [[Vincenzo Viviani (nonfiction)|Vincenzo Viviani]] born. In 1660, Viviani and Giovanni Alfonso Borelli will conduct an experiment to determine the speed of sound. Timing the difference between the seeing the flash and hearing the sound of a cannon shot at a distance, they will calculate a value of 350 meters per second (m/s), considerably better than the previous value of 478 m/s obtained by Pierre Gassendi.
 
File:Paolo Sarpi.jpg|link=Paolo Sarpi (nonfiction)|1623 Jan. 15: Statesman, scientist, and historian [[Paolo Sarpi (nonfiction)|Paolo Sarpi]] dies. He was a proponent of the Copernican system, a friend and patron of Galileo Galilei, and a keen follower of the latest research on anatomy, astronomy, and ballistics at the University of Padua.
File:Blaise Pascal.jpg|link=Blaise Pascal (nonfiction)|1623 Jun. 19: Mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and Christian philosopher [[Blaise Pascal (nonfiction)|Blaise Pascal]] born. He will do pioneering work on calculating machines.
 
File:Simon Marius.jpg|link=Simon Marius (nonfiction)|1625 Jan. 5: Astronomer [[Simon Marius (nonfiction)|Simon Marius]] dies.  He discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter, independently of Galileo Galilei.
File:Giovanni_Cassini.jpg|link=Giovanni Domenico Cassini (nonfiction)|1625 Jun. 8: Mathematician, astronomer, and engineer [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini (nonfiction)|Giovanni Domenico Cassini]] born. He will discover four satellites of the planet Saturn and note the division of the rings of Saturn; the Cassini Division will be named after him.
File:Johan de Witt.jpg|link=Johan de Witt (nonfiction)|1625 Sep. 24: Mathematician and politician [[Johan de Witt (nonfiction)|Johan de Witt]] born.  He will derive the basic properties of quadratic forms, an important step in the field of linear algebra.
 
File:Willebrord Snellius.jpg|link=|1626 Oct. 30: Astronomer and mathematician [[Willebrord Snellius (nonfiction)|Willebrord Snellius]] dies. In 1615 he conducted a large-scale experiment to measure the circumference of the earth using triangulation, underestimating the circumference of the earth by 3.5%.
 
File:Christiaan Huygens.jpg|link=Christiaan Huygens (nonfiction)|1629 Apr. 14: Mathematician, astronomer, and physicist [[Christiaan Huygens (nonfiction)|Christiaan Huygens]] born. He will be a leading scientist of his time.
 
File:Cesare Cremonini.jpg|link=Cesare Cremonini (nonfiction)|1631 Jul. 19:  Philosopher and academic [[Cesare Cremonini (nonfiction)|Cesare Cremonini]] dies. His work promoted rationalism (against revelation) and Aristotelian materialism (against the dualist immortality of the soul) inside scholasticism.
 
File:Michael Maestlin.jpg|link=Michael Maestlin (nonfiction)|1631 Oct. 20: Astronomer and mathematician [[Michael Maestlin (nonfiction)|Michael Maestlin]] dies. He was a mentor to [[Johannes Kepler (nonfiction)|Johannes Kepler]], and played a sizable part in his adoption of the Copernican system.
 
File:Baruch Spinoza.jpg|link=Baruch Spinoza (nonfiction)|1632 Nov. 24: Philosopher, scholar, and lens-grinder [[Baruch Spinoza (nonfiction)|Baruch Spinoza]] born. He will lay the groundwork for the 18th-century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism, including modern conceptions of the self and the universe.
 
File:Geminiano Montanari.jpg|link=Geminiano Montanari (nonfiction)|1633 Jun. 1: Astronomer and academic [[Geminiano Montanari (nonfiction)|Geminiano Montanari]] born. He will make the observation that Algol in the constellation of Perseus varies in brightness.
File:Galileo E pur si muove.jpg|link=Galileo Galilei (nonfiction)|1633 Jun. 22: The Holy Office in Rome forces [[Galileo Galilei (nonfiction)|Galileo Galilei]] to recant his view that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the Universe in the form he presented it in, after heated controversy.
 
File:Urbain Grandier.jpg|link=Urbain Grandier (nonfiction)|1634 Aug. 18: [[Urbain Grandier (nonfiction)|Urbain Grandier]], accused and convicted of sorcery, is burned alive in Loudun, France. He was the victim of a politically motivated persecution led by the powerful Cardinal Richelieu.
 
File:Adriaan Metius.jpg|link=Adriaan Metius (nonfiction)|1635 Sep. 6:  Mathematician and astronomer [[Adriaan Metius (nonfiction)|Adriaan Metius]] dies. He manufactured precision astronomical instruments, and published treatises on the astrolabe and on surveying.
File:Wilhelm_Schickard_1632.jpg|link=Wilhelm Schickard (nonfiction)|1635 Oct. 24: Minister, scholar, astronomer, mathematician, cartographer, and inventor [[Wilhelm Schickard (nonfiction)|Wilhelm Schickard]] dies.  He design and built calculating machines, and invented techniques for producing improved maps.
 
File:Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac.jpg|link=Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac (nonfiction)|1638 Feb. 26: Mathematician and linguist [[Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac (nonfiction)|Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac]] dies. He was the earliest writer who discussed the solution of indeterminate equations by means of continued fractions. He also did work in number theory and found a method of constructing magic squares.
File:Nicolas Malebranche.jpg|link=Nicolas Malebranche (nonfiction)|1638 Aug. 6: Priest and philosopher [[Nicolas Malebranche (nonfiction)|Nicolas Malebranche]] born. He will be instrumental in introducing and disseminating the contributions of [[René Descartes (nonfiction)|René Descartes]] and [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (nonfiction)|Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] in France.
File:René Descartes.jpg|link=René Descartes (nonfiction)|1638 Aug. 23: Descartes' proposal. [[René Descartes (nonfiction)|René Descartes]], in a letter to [[Marin Mersenne (nonfiction)|Marin Mersenne]], proposed his folium (x-cubed + y-cubed = 2axy) as a test case to challenge [[Pierre de Fermat (nonfiction)|Pierre de Fermat]]'s differentiation techniques. To Descartes' embarrassment, Fermat's method worked.
 
File:Philippe de La Hire.jpg|link=Philippe de La Hire (nonfiction)|1640 Mar. 18: Painter, mathematician, astronomer, and architect [[Philippe de La Hire (nonfiction)|Philippe de La Hire]] born.
File:Pierre de Fermat.jpg|link=Pierre de Fermat (nonfiction)|1640 Oct. 18: Mathematician [[Pierre de Fermat (nonfiction)|Pierre de Fermat]] announced his "little theorem" in a letter to Bernard Frenicle de Bessey.
 
File:Evangelista Torricelli by Lorenzo Lippi.jpg|link=Evangelista Torricelli (nonfiction)|1644 Jun. 11: Physicist and mathematician [[Evangelista Torricelli (nonfiction)|Evangelista Torricelli]] write in a letter to Michelangelo Ricci: ''Noi viviamo sommersi nel fondo d'un pelago d'aria'' ("We live submerged at the bottom of an ocean of air").
File:Paul Guldin.jpg|link=Paul Guldin (nonfiction)|1643 Nov. 3: Astronomer and mathematician [[Paul Guldin (nonfiction)|Paul Guldin]] dies. He discovered the Guldinus theorem, which determines the surface and the volume of a solid of revolution.
File:Ole Rømer.jpg|link=Ole Rømer (nonfiction)|1644 Sep. 25: Astronomer and instrument maker [[Ole Rømer (nonfiction)|Ole Rømer]] born. He will make the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light.
 
File:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.jpg|link=Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (nonfiction)|1646 Jul. 1: Mathematician and philosopher [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (nonfiction)|Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] born. He will develop differential and integral calculus independently of Isaac Newton, and design and build mechanical calculators.
File:Laurentius Paulinus Gothius.jpg|link=Laurentius Paulinus Gothus (nonfiction)|1646 Nov. 29: Theologian, astronomer, astrologer, and Archbishop of Uppsala [[Laurentius Paulinus Gothus (nonfiction)|Laurentius Paulinus Gothus]] dies.
 
File:Elisabeth_Hevelius_(1673).png|link=Elisabeth Hevelius (nonfiction)|1647 Jan. 17: Astronomer [[Elisabeth Hevelius (nonfiction)|Elisabeth Hevelius]] born.  One of the first female astronomers, Hevelius will be  called "the mother of moon charts".
File:Evangelista Torricelli by Lorenzo Lippi.jpg|link=Evangelista Torricelli (nonfiction)|1647 Oct. 25: Physicist and mathematician [[Evangelista Torricelli (nonfiction)|Evangelista Torricelli]] dies. He invented the barometer, made advances in optics, and worked on the method of indivisibles.
 
File:Marin Mersenne.jpg|1648 Sep. 1: Mathematician, theologian, and philosopher [[Marin Mersenne (nonfiction)|Marin Mersenne]] dies. He is remembered as the "father of acoustics".
File:Blaise Pascal.jpg|link=Blaise Pascal (nonfiction)|1648 Sep. 19: [[Blaise Pascal (nonfiction)|Blaise Pascal]] performs experiments to confirm the theory of atmospheric pressure and the existence of a vacuum.
 
File:Vincenzo Coronelli.jpg|link=Vincenzo Coronelli (nonfiction)|1650 Aug. 16: Monk, cosmographer, and cartographer [[Vincenzo Coronelli (nonfiction)|Vincenzo Coronelli]] born. He will gain fame for his atlases and globes; some of the globes will be very large and highly detailed.
 
File:Inigo Jones.jpg|link=Inigo Jones (nonfiction)|1652 Jun. 21: Architect [[Inigo Jones (nonfiction)|Inigo Jones]] dies. He was one of the first architects of the early modern period to employ [[Vitruvius (nonfiction)|Vitruvian]] rules of proportion and symmetry in his buildings.
File:Jean-Charles della Faille by Anthony van Dyck.jpg|link=Jean-Charles della Faille (nonfiction)|1652 Nov. 4: Priest and mathematician [[Jean-Charles della Faille (nonfiction)|Jean-Charles della Faille]] dies. He published a method for calculating the center of gravity of the sector of a circle.
File:Jan Brożek.jpg|link=Jan Brożek (nonfiction)|1652: Mathematician, physician, and astronomer [[Jan Brożek (nonfiction)|Jan Brożek]] dies. He contributed to a greater knowledge of [[Nicolaus Copernicus (nonfiction)|Nicolaus Copernicus]]' theories and was his ardent supporter and early prospective biographer.
 
File:Blaise Pascal.jpg|link=Blaise Pascal (nonfiction)|1654 Oct. 27: [[Blaise Pascal (nonfiction)|Blaise Pascal]] writes to Pierre de Fermat, praising him for his solution to the Problem of the Points, about which they had exchanged seven previous letters.
 
File:Jacob Bernoulli.jpg|link=Jacob Bernoulli (nonfiction)|1655 Jan. 6: Mathematician [[Jacob Bernoulli (nonfiction)|Jacob Bernoulli]] born. He will discover the fundamental mathematical constant ''e'', and make important contributions to the field of probability.
File:Delmedigo.jpg|link=Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (nonfiction)|1655 Oct. 16: Physician, mathematician, and theorist [[Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (nonfiction)|Joseph Solomon Delmedigo]] dies. His ''Elim'' (Palms) deals with astronomy, physics, mathematics, medicine, metaphysics, and music theory.
 
File:Thomas Fincke.jpg|link=Thomas Fincke (nonfiction)|1656 Apr. 24: Mathematician and physicist [[Thomas Fincke (nonfiction)|Thomas Fincke]] dies. He introduced the modern names of the trigonometric functions tangent and secant.
File:Jean-Baptiste Morin.jpg|link=Jean-Baptiste Morin (nonfiction)|1656 Nov. 6: Mathematician, astrologer, and astronomer [[Jean-Baptiste Morin (nonfiction)|Jean-Baptiste Morin]] dies.
File:Laurentius Paulinus Gothius.jpg|link=Laurentius Paulinus Gothus (nonfiction)|1565 Nov. 10: Theologian, astronomer, astrologer, and Archbishop of Uppsala [[Laurentius Paulinus Gothus (nonfiction)|Laurentius Paulinus Gothus]] born.
 
File:Georg Ernst Stahl.png|link=Georg Ernst Stahl (nonfiction)|1659 Oct. 22: Chemist and physician [[Georg Ernst Stahl (nonfiction)|Georg Ernst Stahl]] born. His works on phlogiston will be accepted as an explanation for chemical processes until the late 18th century.
 
File:William Oughtred.jpg|link=William Oughtred (nonfiction)|1660 Jun. 30: Mathematician [[William Oughtred (nonfiction)|William Oughtred]] dies. He invented the slide rule in 1622.
File:Hubert Gautier.jpg|link=Hubert Gautier (nonfiction)|1660 Aug. 21: Physician, mathematician, and engineer [[Hubert Gautier (nonfiction)|Hubert Gautier]] dies. He authored the first book on bridge building, ''Traité des Ponts'', in 1716, as well as books on roads, fortifications, antiquities, geology, and a first manual for watercolor practitioners.
 
File:Blaise Pascal.jpg|link=Blaise Pascal (nonfiction)|1662 Aug. 19: Mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and Christian philosopher [[Blaise Pascal (nonfiction)|Blaise Pascal]] dies. He did pioneering work on calculating machines.
 
File:Francesco Maria Grimaldi.jpg|link=Francesco Maria Grimaldi (nonfiction)|1663 Dec. 28: Mathematician and physicist [[Francesco Maria Grimaldi (nonfiction)|Francesco Maria Grimaldi]] dies. Working with Riccioli, he investigated the free fall of objects, confirming that the distance of fall was proportional to the square of the time taken.
 
File:Henry Oldenburg.jpg|link=Henry Oldenburg (nonfiction)|1665 Mar. 6: The first joint Secretary of the Royal Society, [[Henry Oldenburg (nonfiction)|Henry Oldenburg]], publishes the first issue of ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society''.
 
File:John Arbuthnot.jpg|link=John Arbuthnot (nonfiction)|1667 Apr. 29: Physician, satirist, and polymath [[John Arbuthnot (nonfiction)|John Arbuthnot]] born. He will invent the figure of John Bull.
File:Abraham de Moivre.jpg|link=Abraham de Moivre (nonfiction)|1667 May 26: Mathematician and theorist [[Abraham de Moivre (nonfiction)|Abraham de Moivre]] born. His book on probability theory, ''The Doctrine of Chances'', will be prized by gamblers.
File:Sir Isaac Newton by Sir Godfrey Kneller.jpg|link=Isaac Newton (nonfiction)|1667 Oct. 2: Mathematician and physicist [[Isaac Newton (nonfiction)|Isaac Newton]] becomes a fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge. He had earned his bachelor's degree in 1665 and then spent two years at home in Lincolnshire inventing much of differential and integral calculus while Cambridge was closed due to plague.
 
File:Niccolò Zucchi.png|link=Niccolò Zucchi (nonfiction)|1670 May 21: Astronomer and physicist [[Niccolò Zucchi (nonfiction)|Niccolò Zucchi]] dies. He published works on astronomy, optics, mechanics, and magnetism.
 
File:Giovanni_Battista_Riccioli.jpg|link=Giovanni Battista Riccioli (nonfiction)|1671 Jun. 25: Priest and astromomer [[Giovanni Battista Riccioli (nonfiction)|Giovanni Battista Riccioli]] dies. He experimented with pendulums and falling bodies, discussed arguments concerning the motion of the Earth, and introduced the current scheme of lunar nomenclature.
 
File:Johan de Witt.jpg|link=Johan de Witt (nonfiction)|1672 Oct. 27: Mathematician and politician [[Johan de Witt (nonfiction)|Johan de Witt]] dies in a riot.  The rioters will partially eat his body.
 
File:Richard Mead.jpg|link=Richard Mead (nonfiction)|1673 Aug. 11: Physician and astrologer [[Richard Mead (nonfiction)|Richard Mead]] born.  His work, ''A Short Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion, and the Method to be used to prevent it'' (1720), will be of historic importance in the understanding of transmissible diseases.
 
File:Gilles Personne de Roberval.jpg|link=Gilles de Roberval (nonfiction)|1675 Aug. 10: Mathematician and academic [[Gilles de Roberval (nonfiction)|Gilles de Roberval]] dies. He published a system of the universe in which he supports the [[Nicolaus Copernicus (nonfiction)|Copernican heliocentric system]] and attributes a mutual attraction to all particles of matter.
File:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.jpg|link=Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (nonfiction)|1675 Oct. 29: [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (nonfiction)|Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] makes the first use of the long s (∫) as a symbol of the integral in [[Calculus (nonfiction)|calculus]].
 
File:Sir Isaac Newton by Sir Godfrey Kneller.jpg|link=Isaac Newton (nonfiction)|1676 Oct. 24: [[Isaac Newton (nonfiction)|Isaac Newton]] summarized the state of development of his method of fluxions and power series in the "Epistola posterior," which he sent to Oldenburg to transmit to Leibniz.
File:Ole Rømer.jpg|link=Ole Rømer (nonfiction)|1676 Nov. 21: Astronomer [[Ole Rømer (nonfiction)|Ole Rømer]] presents the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light.
 
File:Baruch Spinoza.jpg|link=Baruch Spinoza (nonfiction)|1677 Feb. 21: Philosopher, scholar, and lens-grinder [[Baruch Spinoza (nonfiction)|Baruch Spinoza]] dies. He laid the groundwork for the 18th-century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism, including modern conceptions of the self and the universe.
File:Isaac Barrow.jpg|link=Isaac Barrow (nonfiction)|1677 May 4: Mathematician and theologian [[Isaac Barrow (nonfiction)|Isaac Barrow]] dies. He played an early role in the development of infinitesimal calculus.
File:Henry Oldenburg.jpg|link=Henry Oldenburg (nonfiction)|1677 Sep. 5: Theologian, natural philosopher, and diplomat [[Henry Oldenburg (nonfiction)|Henry Oldenburg]] dies. He was one of the foremost intelligencers of Europe of the seventeenth century, and the creator of scientific peer review.
File:Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr.jpg|link=Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr (nonfiction)|1677 Sep. 27: Mathematician, astronomer, and cartographer [[Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr (nonfiction)|Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr]] born. He will publish works on mathematics and astronomy, including sundials, spherical trigonometry, and celestial maps and globes, along with biographical information on several hundred mathematicians and instrument makers.
 
File:Montmort - Essay d'analyse sur les jeux de hazard, 1713.jpg|link=Pierre Raymond de Montmort (nonfiction)|1678 Oct. 27: Mathematician [[Pierre Raymond de Montmort (nonfiction)|Pierre Raymond de Montmort]] born. He will write ''Essay d'analyse sur les jeux de hazard'', an influential book about probability and games of chance which will introduce the combinatorial study of [[Derangement (nonfiction)|derangements]].
 
File:Peder Horrebow.jpg|link=Peder Horrebow (nonfiction)|1679 May 14: Astronomer and mathematician [[Peder Horrebow (nonfiction)|Peder Horrebow]] born. he will invent a way to determine a place's latitude from the stars.
 
File:Termómetro_Christin_1743.jpg|link=Jean-Pierre Christin (nonfiction)|1683 May 31: Physicist, mathematician, and astronomer [[Jean-Pierre Christin (nonfiction)|Jean-Pierre Christin]] born. He will invent the Celsius thermometer.
 
File:Sir Isaac Newton by Sir Godfrey Kneller.jpg|link=Isaac Newton (nonfiction)|1684 Dec. 10: [[Isaac Newton (nonfiction)|Isaac Newton]]'s derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper ''De motu corporum in gyrum'', is read to the Royal Society by Edmond Halley.
 
File:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit.jpg|link=Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (nonfiction)|1686 May 24: Physicist and engineer [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (nonfiction)|Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]] born.  He will help lay the foundations for the era of precision thermometry by inventing the mercury-in-glass thermometer and the Fahrenheit scale.
File:Niels Steensen.png|link=Niels Steensen (nonfiction)|1686 Nov. 25: Scientist and bishop [[Niels Steensen (nonfiction)|Niels Steensen]] dies. He questioned explanations for tear production, the idea that fossils grow in the ground.
 
File:Sir Isaac Newton by Sir Godfrey Kneller.jpg|link=Isaac Newton (nonfiction)|1687 Jul. 5: [[Isaac Newton (nonfiction)|Isaac Newton]] publishes ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica'' ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"). ''Principia''  states Newton's laws of motion, forming the foundation of classical mechanics; Newton's law of universal gravitation; and a derivation of Kepler's laws of planetary motion (which Kepler first obtained empirically).
File:The Parthenon.jpg|link=Parthenon (nonfiction)|1687 Sep. 26: [[Parthenon (nonfiction)|The Parthenon]] is partially destroyed by an explosion caused by the bombing from Venetian forces led by Morosini who are besieging the Ottoman Turks stationed in Athens.
File:Geminiano Montanari.jpg|link=Geminiano Montanari (nonfiction)|1687 Oct. 13: Astronomer and academic [[Geminiano Montanari (nonfiction)|Geminiano Montanari]] dies. He made the observation that Algol in the constellation of Perseus varies in brightness.
File:Nicolaus I Bernoulli.jpg|link=Nicolaus I Bernoulli (nonfiction)|1687 Oct. 21: Mathematician and theorist [[Nicolaus I Bernoulli (nonfiction)|Nicolaus I Bernoulli]] born. He will introduce a successful resolution to the [[St. Petersburg paradox (nonfiction)|St. Petersburg paradox]].
 
File:John Harrison.jpg|link=John Harrison (nonfiction)|1693 Apr. 3: Carpenter and clockmaker [[John Harrison (nonfiction)|John Harrison]] born.  He will invent a marine chronometer, a long-sought-after device for solving the problem of calculating longitude while at sea.
File:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.jpg|link=Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (nonfiction)|1693 Apr. 28: [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (nonfiction)|Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] writes to L'Hospital, announcing his discovery of determinants fifty years before Cramer, who was the real driving force in the development of determinants. Leibniz's work had little or no influence because it was not published until 1850 in his ''Mathematische Schriften''.
File:Elisabeth_Hevelius_(1673).png|link=Elisabeth Hevelius (nonfiction)|1693 Dec. 22: Astronomer [[Elisabeth Hevelius (nonfiction)|Elisabeth Hevelius]] dies.  One of the first female astronomers, Hevelius is known as "the mother of moon charts".
 
File:Ismaël Boulliau.jpg|link=Ismaël Bullialdus (nonfiction)|1694 Nov. 25: Mathematician and astronomer [[Ismaël Bullialdus (nonfiction)|Ismaël Bullialdus]] dies. He was an active member of the Republic of Letters, and an early defender of the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo.
 
File:Christiaan Huygens.jpg|link=Christiaan Huygens (nonfiction)|1695 Jul. 8: Mathematician, astronomer, and physicist [[Christiaan Huygens (nonfiction)|Christiaan Huygens]] dies. He was a leading scientist of his time.
 
File:William Hogarth.jpg|link=William Hogarth (nonfiction)|1697 Nov. 10: Satirist, painter, illustrator, and critic [[William Hogarth (nonfiction)|William Hogarth]] born. His work will range from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called "modern moral subjects".
 
File:Pierre Bouguer.jpg|link=Pierre Bouguer (nonfiction)|1698 Feb. 16: Mathematician, geophysicist, and astronomer [[Pierre Bouguer (nonfiction)|Pierre Bouguer]] born. He will be known as "the father of naval architecture".
 
</gallery>
 
1700s
 
<gallery>
File:Daniel Bernoulli.jpg|link=Daniel Bernoulli (nonfiction)|1700 Feb. 8: Mathematician and physicist [[Daniel Bernoulli (nonfiction)|Daniel Bernoulli]] born. He will be particularly remembered for his applications of mathematics to mechanics, especially fluid mechanics, and for his pioneering work in probability and statistics.
File:Jean-Antoine Nollet.jpg|link=Jean-Antoine Nollet (nonfiction)|1700 Nov. 19: Priest and physicist [[Jean-Antoine Nollet (nonfiction)|Jean-Antoine Nollet]] born. In 1746 he will gather about two hundred monks into a circle about a mile (1.6 km) in circumference, with pieces of iron wire connecting them. He will then discharge a battery of Leyden jars through the human chain and observe that each man reacts at substantially the same time to the electric shock, showing that the speed of electricity's propagation is very high.
 
File:Anders_Celsius.jpg|link=Anders Celsius (nonfiction)|1701 Nov. 27: Astronomer, physicist, and mathematician [[Anders Celsius (nonfiction)|Anders Celsius]] born. In 1742 he will propose the Celsius temperature scale which today bears his name.
 
File:Jack Sheppard - Thornhill.jpg|link=Jack Sheppard (nonfiction)|1702 Mar. 4: Thief [[Jack Sheppard (nonfiction)|Jack Sheppard]] born. He will be arrested and imprisoned five times in 1724 but escape four times from prison, making him a notorious public figure, and wildly popular with the poorer classes.
 
File:Vincenzo Viviani.jpg|link=Vincenzo Viviani (nonfiction)|1703 Sep. 22: Mathematician and scientist [[Vincenzo Viviani (nonfiction)|Vincenzo Viviani]] dies. In 1660, Viviani and Giovanni Alfonso Borelli conducted an experiment to determine the speed of sound. Timing the difference between the seeing the flash and hearing the sound of a cannon shot at a distance, they calculated a value of 350 meters per second (m/s), considerably better than the previous value of 478 m/s obtained by Pierre Gassendi.
File:Antoine Deparcieux.jpg|link=Antoine Deparcieux (nonfiction)|1703 Oct. 28: Mathematician and engineer [[Antoine Deparcieux (nonfiction)|Antoine Deparcieux]] born. He will make a living manufacturing sundials.
File:John Wallis by Sir Godfrey Kneller.jpg|link=John Wallis (nonfiction)|1703 Nov. 8: Mathematician and cryptographer [[John Wallis (nonfiction)|John Wallis]] dies. He served as chief cryptographer for Parliament and, later, the royal court.
 
File:Gabriel Cramer.jpg|link=Gabriel Cramer (nonfiction)|1704 Jul. 31: Mathematician and physicist [[Gabriel Cramer (nonfiction)|Gabriel Cramer]] born. He will publish Cramer's rule, giving a general formula for the solution for any unknown in a linear equation system having a unique solution, in terms of determinants implied by the system.
 
File:Jacob Bernoulli.jpg|link=Jacob Bernoulli (nonfiction)|1705 Aug. 16: Mathematician [[Jacob Bernoulli (nonfiction)|Jacob Bernoulli]] dies. He discovered the fundamental mathematical constant ''e'', and made important contributions to the field of probability.
 
File:Leonhard Euler.jpg|link=Leonhard Euler (nonfiction)|1707 Apr. 15: Mathematician and physicist [[Leonhard Euler (nonfiction)|Leonhard Euler]] born. He will make important and influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics, and will introduce much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, such as the notion of a mathematical function.
File:Carl von Linné.jpg|link=Carl Linnaeus (nonfiction)|1707 May 23: Botanist, physician, and zoologist [[Carl Linnaeus (nonfiction)|Carl Linnaeus]] born. He will formalize the binomial nomenclature system of taxonomy.
 
File:David Gregory.jpg|link=David Gregory (nonfiction)|1708 Oct. 10: Mathematician and astronomer [[David Gregory (nonfiction)|David Gregory]] dies. At the Union of 1707, he was given the responsibility of reorganizing the Scottish Mint.
File:Seki Takakazu.jpg|link=Seki Takakazu (nonfiction)|1708 Dec. 5: Mathematician [[Seki Takakazu (nonfiction)|Seki Takakazu]] dies. He created a new algebraic notation system and, motivated by astronomical computations, did work on infinitesimal calculus and Diophantine equations. Seki laid foundations for the subsequent development of Japanese mathematics known as ''[[Wasan (nonfiction)|wasan]]''; he has been described as "Japan's Newton".
 
File:The Passarola, a primitive airship devised by Bartolomeu de Gusmão.png|link=Bartolomeu de Gusmão (nonfiction)|1709 Jun. 24: The public test of the "Passarola", a primitive airship devised by priest and inventor [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão (nonfiction)|Bartolomeu de Gusmão]], fails to take place.
 
File:Thomas Reid.jpg|link=Thomas Reid (nonfiction)|1710 Apr. 26: Mathematician and philosopher [[Thomas Reid (nonfiction)|Thomas Reid]] born. Reid will argue that common sense (in a special philosophical sense of ''sensus communis'') is, or at least should be, at the foundation of all philosophical inquiry. He disagreed with David Hume, who asserted that we can never know what an external world consists of as our knowledge is limited to the ideas in the mind, and George Berkeley, who asserted that the external world is merely ideas in the mind.
File:Ole Rømer.jpg|link=Ole Rømer (nonfiction)|1710 Sep. 19: Astronomer and instrument maker [[Ole Rømer (nonfiction)|Ole Rømer]] dies. He made the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light.
 
File:Jean-Jacques Rousseau.jpg|link=Jean-Jacques Rousseau (nonfiction)|1712 Jun. 28: Philosopher and author [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau (nonfiction)|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] born. His political philosophy will influence the Enlightenment in France and across Europe.
File:Giovanni_Cassini.jpg|link=Giovanni Domenico Cassini (nonfiction)|1712 Sep. 14: Mathematician, astronomer, and engineer [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini (nonfiction)|Giovanni Domenico Cassini]] dies. He discovered four satellites of the planet Saturn and noted the division of the rings of Saturn; the Cassini Division was named after him.
 
File:Alexis Clairault.jpg|link=Alexis Clairaut (nonfiction)|1713 May 13: Mathematician, astronomer, and geophysicist [[Alexis Clairaut (nonfiction)|Alexis Clairaut]] born. His work will help to establish the validity of the principles and results that Sir Isaac Newton had outlined in the ''Principia'' of 1687.
File:Johannes Kies.jpg|link=Johann Kies (nonfiction)|1713 Sep. 14: Astronomer and mathematician [[Johann Kies (nonfiction)|Johann Kies]] born. He will be one of the first to propagate Isaac Newton's discoveries in Germany, and willl dedicate two of his works to the Englishman.
File:Denis Diderot by van Loo.jpg|link=Denis Diderot (nonfiction)|1713 Oct. 5: Philosopher, art critic, and writer [[Denis Diderot (nonfiction)|Denis Diderot]] born. He will be a prominent figure during the Enlightenment, serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the ''Encyclopédie'' along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert.
File:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.jpg|link=Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (nonfiction)|1713 Oct. 25: [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (nonfiction)|Gottfried Leibniz]], in a letter to Johann Bernoulli, observed that an alternating series whose terms monotonically decrease to zero in absolute value is convergent.
 
File:César François Cassini de Thury.jpg|link=César-François Cassini de Thury (nonfiction)|1714 Jun. 17: Astronomer and cartographer [[César-François Cassini de Thury (nonfiction)|César-François Cassini de Thury]] born. In 1744, he will begin the construction of a great topographical map of France, one of the landmarks in the history of cartography. Completed by his son Jean-Dominique, Cassini IV and published by the Académie des Sciences from 1744 to 1793, its 180 plates will be known as the Cassini map.
File:John Winthrop.jpg|link=John Winthrop (scientist) (nonfiction)|1714 Dec. 19: Mathematician, physicist, and astronomer [[John Winthrop (scientist) (nonfiction)|John Winthrop]] born. He will be one of the foremost men of science in America during the 18th century.
 
File:Nicolas Malebranche.jpg|link=Nicolas Malebranche (nonfiction)|1715 Oct. 13: Priest and philosopher [[Nicolas Malebranche (nonfiction)|Nicolas Malebranche]] dies. He was instrumental in introducing and disseminating the work of [[René Descartes (nonfiction)|René Descartes]] and [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (nonfiction)|Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] in France.
 
File:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.jpg|link=Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (nonfiction)|1716 Nov. 14: Mathematician and philosopher [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (nonfiction)|Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] dies. He developed differential and integral calculus independently of Isaac Newton, and designed and built mechanical calculators.
 
File:Jean le Rond d'Alembert.jpg|link=Jean le Rond d'Alembert (nonfiction)|1717 Nov. 16: Mathematician, physicist, and philosopher [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert (nonfiction)|Jean le Rond d'Alembert]] born. He will make contribution to mathematics and physics, including D'Alembert's formula for obtaining solutions to the wave equation.
 
File:Philippe de La Hire.jpg|link=Philippe de La Hire (nonfiction)|1718 Apr. 21: Painter, mathematician, astronomer, and architect [[Philippe de La Hire (nonfiction)|Philippe de La Hire]] dies.
File:Vincenzo Coronelli.jpg|link=Vincenzo Coronelli (nonfiction)|1718 Dec. 9: Monk, cosmographer, and cartographer [[Vincenzo Coronelli (nonfiction)|Vincenzo Coronelli]] dies. He gained fame for his atlases and globes; some of the globes are very large and highly detailed.
 
File:Montmort - Essay d'analyse sur les jeux de hazard, 1713.jpg|link=Pierre Raymond de Montmort (nonfiction)|1719 Oct. 7: Mathematician [[Pierre Raymond de Montmort (nonfiction)|Pierre Raymond de Montmort]] dies. He wrote ''Essay d'analyse sur les jeux de hazard'', an influential book about probability and games of chance which introduced the combinatorial study of [[Derangement (nonfiction)|derangements]].
 
File:Jean-André Lepaute.jpg|link=Jean-André Lepaute (nonfiction)|1720 Nov. 23: Clockmaker [[Jean-André Lepaute (nonfiction)|Jean-André Lepaute]] born. He will be an innovator, introducing numerous improvements in clockmaking, especially his pin-wheel escapement, and his clockworks in which the gears are all in the horizontal plane.
 
File:Pierre Varignon.jpg|link=Pierre Varignon (nonfiction)|1722 Dec. 23: Mathematician and academic [[Pierre Varignon (nonfiction)|Pierre Varignon]] dies. He simplified the proofs of many propositions in mechanics, adapted Leibniz's calculus to the inertial mechanics of Newton's ''Principia'', and treated mechanics in terms of the composition of forces.
 
File:Nicole-Reine Lepaute.jpg|link=Nicole-Reine Lepaute (nonfiction)|1723 Jan. 5: Astronomer and mathematician [[Nicole-Reine Lepaute (nonfiction)|Nicole-Reine Lepaute]] born. She will predict the return of Halley's Comet, calculate the timing of a solar eclipse, and construct a group of catalogs for the stars.
 
File:Jack Sheppard - Thornhill.jpg|link=Jack Sheppard (nonfiction)|1724 Feb. 5: Thief [[Jack Sheppard (nonfiction)|Jack Sheppard]] first arrested. He will be arrested and imprisoned five times in 1724 but escape four times from prison, making him a notorious public figure, and wildly popular with the poorer classes.
File:Jack Sheppard - Thornhill.jpg|link=Jack Sheppard (nonfiction)|1724 Nov. 16: Thief [[Jack Sheppard (nonfiction)|Jack Sheppard]] hanged. He was arrested and imprisoned five times in 1724 but escaped four times from prison, making him a notorious public figure, and wildly popular with the poorer classes.
 
File:Jean-Étienne Montucla.jpg|link=Jean-Étienne Montucla (nonfiction)|1725 Sep. 5: Mathematician and theorist [[Jean-Étienne Montucla (nonfiction)|Jean-Étienne Montucla]] born. His deep interest in history of mathematics will become apparent with his publication of ''Histoire des Mathématiques'', the first part appearing in 1758.
File:Nebula orionis as depicted by Guillaume Le Gentil in 1758.jpg|link=Guillaume Le Gentil (nonfiction)|1725 Sep. 12: Astronomer [[Guillaume Le Gentil (nonfiction)|Guillaume Le Gentil]] born. He will discover what are now known as the Messier objects M32, M36 and M38, as well as the nebulosity in M8, and he was the first to catalogue the dark nebula sometimes known as Le Gentil 3 (in the constellation Cygnus).
 
File:Johann Heinrich Lambert.jpg|link=Johann Heinrich Lambert (nonfiction)|1728 Aug. 26: Polymath [[Johann Heinrich Lambert (nonfiction)|Johann Heinrich Lambert]] born. He will make important contributions to mathematics, physics (particularly optics), philosophy, astronomy, and map projections.
 
File:Leonhard Euler.jpg|link=Leonhard Euler (nonfiction)|1729 Oct. 13: [[Leonhard Euler (nonfiction)|Leonhard Euler]] mentions the gamma function in a letter to Christian Goldbach. Adrien-Marie Legendre will give the function its symbol and name in 1826.
 
File:Etienne Bezout.jpg|link=Étienne Bézout (nonfiction)|1730 Mar. 31: Mathematician and theorist [[Étienne Bézout (nonfiction)|Étienne Bézout]] born. His ''Théorie générale des équations algébriques'' will contain much new and valuable matter on the theory of elimination and symmetrical functions of the roots of an equation.
File:Charles Messier.jpg|link=Charles Messier (nonfiction)|1730 May 6: Astronomer [[Charles Messier (nonfiction)|Charles Messier]] observes the Mercury transit, his first documented observation.
File:Charles Messier.jpg|link=Charles Messier (nonfiction)|1730 Jun. 26: Astronomer [[Charles Messier (nonfiction)|Charles Messier]] born. He will publish an astronomical catalogue consisting of nebulae and star clusters that will come to be known as the 110 "Messier objects".
File:Filippo Mazzei.jpg|link=Filippo Mazzei (nonfiction)|1730 Dec. 25: Physician and activist [[Filippo Mazzei (nonfiction)|Filippo Mazzei]] born. He will act as an agent to purchase arms for Virginia during the American Revolutionary War.
 
File:Henry Cavendish.jpg|link=Henry Cavendish (nonfiction)|1731 Apr. 10: Chemist, physicist, and philosopher [[Henry Cavendish (nonfiction)|Henry Cavendish]] born. He will discover "inflammable air", later named hydrogen.
 
File:David Rittenhouse by Charles Wilson Peale.jpg|link=David Rittenhouse (nonfiction)|1732 Apr. 8: Inventor, astronomer, mathematician, clockmaker, and surveyor [[David Rittenhouse (nonfiction)|David Rittenhouse]] born. He will become the first Director of the United States Mint, hand-striking the new nation's first coins.
File:Jérôme Lalande.jpg|link=Jérôme Lalande (nonfiction)|1732 Jul. 11: Astronomer, freemason, and writer [[Jérôme Lalande (nonfiction)|Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande]] born. As a lecturer and writer Lalande will help popularize astronomy. His planetary tables will be the best available up to the end of the 18th century.
File:Johan Carl Wilcke.jpg|link=Johan Wilcke (nonfiction)|1732 Sep. 3: Physicist and academic [[Johan Wilcke (nonfiction)|Johan Carl Wilcke]] born. He will invent the electrophorus, and calculate the latent heat of ice.
File:Laura Bassi.jpg|link=Laura Bassi (nonfiction)|1732 Oct 29: Physicist and academic [[Laura Bassi (nonfiction)|Laura Bassi]] is granted professorship in philosophy by the University of Bologna, thus also making her a member of the Academy of the Sciences.
 
File:Sir Richard Arkwright by Mather Brown 1790.jpg|link=Richard Arkwright (nonfiction)|1732 Dec. 22: Inventor, engineer, and businessman [[Richard Arkwright (nonfiction)|Richard Arkwright]] born. Later in his life Arkwright will be known as the "father of the modern industrial factory system."
 
File:Joseph Priestley.jpg|link=Joseph Priestley (nonfiction)|1733 Mar. 24: British scientist [[Joseph Priestley (nonfiction)|Joseph Priestley]] born. He will be historically been credited with the discovery of oxygen, having isolated it in its gaseous state, but his determination to defend phlogiston theory and to reject what would become the chemical revolution will leave him isolated within the scientific community.
 
File:Jean Charles Borda.jpg|link=Jean-Charles de Borda (nonfiction)|1733 May 4: Mathematician, physicist, and sailor [[Jean-Charles de Borda (nonfiction)|Jean-Charles de Borda]] born. He will contribute to the development of the metric system, constructing a platinum standard meter, the basis of metric distance measurement.
 
 
File:Franz Anton Mesmer.jpg|link=Franz Mesmer (nonfiction)|1734 May 23: Physician [[Franz Mesmer (nonfiction)|Franz Mesmer]] born.  Mesmer will theorize that there is a natural energy transference which occurs between all animated and inanimate objects which he will call animal magnetism. The effects which he will observe will later be attributed to hypnosis.
File:Georg Ernst Stahl.png|link=Georg Ernst Stahl (nonfiction)|1734 May 24: Chemist and physician [[Georg Ernst Stahl (nonfiction)|Georg Ernst Stahl]] dies. His works on phlogiston continue to be accepted as an explanation for chemical processes until the late 18th century.
 
File:John Arbuthnot.jpg|link=John Arbuthnot (nonfiction)|1735 Feb. 27: Physician, satirist, and polymath [[John Arbuthnot (nonfiction)|John Arbuthnot]] dies. He invented the figure of John Bull.
File:Seven Bridges of Königsberg.png|link=Seven Bridges of Königsberg (nonfiction)|1735 Aug. 26: [[Leonhard Euler (nonfiction)|Leonhard Euler]] presents his solution to the [[Seven Bridges of Königsberg (nonfiction)|Königsberg bridge problem]] – whether it was possible to find a route crossing each of the seven bridges of the city of Königsberg once and only once – in a lecture to his colleagues at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.
File:Jesse Ramsden. Mezzotint by J. Jones, 1790, after R. Home.jpg|link=Jesse Ramsden (nonfiction)|1735 Oct. 6: Mathematician, astronomical and scientific instrument maker [[Jesse Ramsden (nonfiction)|Jesse Ramsden]] born. He will build his reputation on his engraving and design of dividing engines, which allowed high accuracy measurements of angles and lengths in instruments. Ramsden will produce instruments for astronomy that will be especially well-known for maritime use (needed for the measurement of latitudes), and for his surveying instruments (widely used for cartography and land survey).
 
File:Joseph-Louis Lagrange.jpg|link=Joseph-Louis Lagrange (nonfiction)|1736 Jan. 25: Mathematician and astronomer [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange (nonfiction)|Joseph-Louis Lagrange]] born. He will make significant contributions to the fields of analysis, number theory, and both classical and celestial mechanics.
File:James Watt.jpg|link=James Watt (nonfiction)|1736 Jan. 30: Inventor, engineer, and chemist [[James Watt (nonfiction)|James Watt]] born. He will make major improvements to the steam engine.
File:Jean Sylvain Bailly.jpg|link=Jean Sylvain Bailly (nonfiction)|1736 Sep. 14: Astronomer, mathematician, and politician [[Jean Sylvain Bailly (nonfiction)|Jean Sylvain Bailly]] born. His work as an astronomer lead to his recognition and admiration by the European scientific community.
File:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit.jpg|link=Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (nonfiction)|1736 Dec. 16: Physicist and engineer [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (nonfiction)|Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]] dies.  He helped lay the foundations for the era of precision thermometry by inventing the mercury-in-glass thermometer and the Fahrenheit scale.
 
File:Luigi Galvani.jpg|link=Luigi Galvani (nonfiction)|1737 Sep. 9: Physician and physicist [[Luigi Galvani (nonfiction)|Luigi Galvani]] born. In 1780, he will discover that the muscles of dead frogs' legs twitch when struck by an electrical spark.
File:Hubert Gautier.jpg|link=Hubert Gautier (nonfiction)|1737 Sep. 27: Physician, mathematician, and engineer [[Hubert Gautier (nonfiction)|Hubert Gautier]] dies. He authored the first book on bridge building, ''Traité des Ponts'', in 1716, as well as books on roads, fortifications, antiquities, geology, and a first manual for watercolor practitioners.
 
File:Pierre Bouguer.jpg|link=Pierre Bouguer (nonfiction)|1738 Aug. 15: Mathematician, geophysicist, and astronomer [[Pierre Bouguer (nonfiction)|Pierre Bouguer]] dies. He is known as "the father of naval architecture".
 
File:Termómetro Christin 1743.jpg|link=Jean-Pierre Christin (nonfiction)|1743 May 19: Physicist, mathematician, and astronomer [[Jean-Pierre Christin (nonfiction)|Jean-Pierre Christin]] publishes the design of a mercury thermometer based on the Celsius scale. The "Thermometer of Lyon" will be built by the craftsman Pierre Casati using this design.
File:Giuseppe Balsamo (Count Alessandro Cagliostro).jpg|link=Alessandro Cagliostro (nonfiction)|1743 Jun. 2: Occultist and explorer [[Alessandro Cagliostro (nonfiction)|Alessandro Cagliostro]] born. He will become a glamorous figure associated with the royal courts of Europe where he will pursue psychic healing, alchemy, and scrying.
File:Antoine Lavoisier.jpg|link=Antoine Lavoisier (nonfiction)|1743 Aug. 26: Chemist and biologist [[Antoine Lavoisier (nonfiction)|Antoine Lavoisier]] born. He will have a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.
File:Nicolas_de_Condorcet.png|link=Marquis de Condorcet (nonfiction)|1743 Sep. 17: Philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist [[Marquis de Condorcet (nonfiction)|Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis of Condorcet]] born. His ideas and writings will be said to embody the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment and rationalism, and remain influential to this day.
 
File:Anders_Celsius.jpg|link=Anders Celsius (nonfiction)|1744 Apr. 25: Astronomer, physicist, and mathematician [[Anders Celsius (nonfiction)|Anders Celsius]] dies. In 1742 he proposed the Celsius temperature scale which today bears his name.
 
File:Gaspard Monge.jpg|link=Gaspard Monge (nonfiction)|1746 May 9: Mathematician and engineer [[Gaspard Monge (nonfiction)|Gaspard Monge]] born. He will invent descriptive geometry, and do pioneering work in differential geometry.
 
File:Charles Messier.jpg|link=Charles Messier (nonfiction)|1748 Jul. 25: Astronomer [[Charles Messier (nonfiction)|Charles Messier]]'s interest in astronomy is stimulated by an annular solar eclipse visible from his hometown.
 
File:Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace by Guérin.jpg|link=Pierre-Simon Laplace (nonfiction)|1749 Mar. 23: Mathematician and astronomer [[Pierre-Simon Laplace (nonfiction)|Pierre-Simon Laplace]] born. He will make important contributions to mathematics, statistics, physics and astronomy.
File:Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre.png|link=Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre (nonfiction)|1749 Sep. 19: Mathematician and astronomer [[Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre (nonfiction)|Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre]] born.  He will be one of the first astronomers to derive astronomical equations from analytical formulas.
 
File:Caroline_Herschel_1829.jpg|link=Caroline Herschel (nonfiction)|1750 Mar. 16: Astronomer [[Caroline Herschel (nonfiction)|Caroline Herschel]] born. She will discover several comets, including the periodic comet 35P/Herschel-Rigollet, which bears her name.
File:Maria Gaetana Agnesi engraving.jpg|link=Maria Gaetana Agnesi (nonfiction)|1750 Oct. 5: [[Maria Gaetana Agnesi (nonfiction)|Maria Gaetana Agnesi]] receives a response from Pope Benedict XIV on the publication of her book, ''Instituzioni Analitiche'', a two volume presentation covering algebra, calculus and differential equations. The pope sends her a gold medal, a wreath laid with precious stones and named her honorary professor at the University of Bologna.
File:Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr.jpg|link=Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr (nonfiction)|1750 Dec. 1: Mathematician, astronomer, and cartographer [[Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr (nonfiction)|Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr]] dies. He published works on mathematics and astronomy, including sundials, spherical trigonometry, and celestial maps and globes, along with biographical information on several hundred mathematicians and instrument makers.
 
File:Gabriel Cramer.jpg|link=Gabriel Cramer (nonfiction)|1752 Jan. 4: Mathematician and physicist [[Gabriel Cramer (nonfiction)|Gabriel Cramer]] dies. He published Cramer's rule, giving a general formula for the solution for any unknown in a linear equation system having a unique solution, in terms of determinants implied by the system.
File:Pierre Alexandre Laurent Forfait.jpg|link=Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait (nonfiction)|1752 Apr. 21: Engineer, hydrographer, and politician [[Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait (nonfiction)|Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait]] born. He will design and oversee the building of ships, making structural improvements and developing techniques to improve the disposition of cargo in ships' holds.
File:A la mémoire de J.M. Jacquard.jpg|link=Joseph Marie Jacquard (nonfiction)|1752 Jul. 7: Weaver and merchant [[Joseph Marie Jacquard (nonfiction)|Joseph Marie Jacquard]] born. He will invent the [[Jacquard loom (nonfiction)|Jacquard loom]], an early type of programmable machine.
 
File:Richard Mead.jpg|link=Richard Mead (nonfiction)|1754 Feb. 16: Physician and astrologer [[Richard Mead (nonfiction)|Richard Mead]] dies.  His work, ''A Short Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion, and the Method to be used to prevent it'' (1720), was of historic importance in the understanding of transmissible diseases.
File:Abraham de Moivre.jpg|link=Abraham de Moivre (nonfiction)|1754 Nov. 27: Mathematician and theorist [[Abraham de Moivre (nonfiction)|Abraham de Moivre]] dies. His book on probability theory, ''The Doctrine of Chances'', is prized by gamblers.
 
File:William Hogarth.jpg|link=William Hogarth (nonfiction)|1755 Feb. 24: Artist and social critic [[William Hogarth (nonfiction)|William Hogarth]]’s satirical print, "An Election Entertainment," is published. It contains a Tory sign bearing the inscription "Give us our eleven days." This refers to the fact that eleven dates were removed from the calendar when England converted to the Gregorian calendar on September 14, 1752.
File:Termómetro_Christin_1743.jpg|link=Jean-Pierre Christin (nonfiction)|1755 Apr. 19: Physicist, mathematician, and astronomer [[Jean-Pierre Christin (nonfiction)|Jean-Pierre Christin]] dies. He invented the Celsius thermometer.
 
File:Jean-Antoine Chaptal.jpg|link=Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal (nonfiction)|1756 Jun. 5: Chemist, physician, agronomist, industrialist, statesman, educator, and philanthropist [[Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal (nonfiction)|Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal]] born.
 
File:Samuel Bentham.jpg|link=Samuel Bentham (nonfiction)|1757 Jan. 11: engineer and naval architect [[Samuel Bentham (nonfiction)|Samuel Bentham]] born. He will design the first Panopticon.
File:William Blake by John Flaxman c1804.jpg|link=William Blake (nonfiction)|1757 Nov. 28: Poet, painter, and printmaker [[William Blake (nonfiction)|William Blake]] born. Largely unrecognized during his lifetime, Blake will later be considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. Although Blake will be considered mad by contemporaries for his idiosyncratic views, he will be held in high regard by later critics for his expressiveness and creativity, and for the philosophical and mystical undercurrents within his work.
 
File:Jean-Étienne Montucla.jpg|link=Jean-Étienne Montucla (nonfiction)|1758 Aug. 19: [[Jean-Étienne Montucla (nonfiction)|Jean-Étienne Montucla]] received the censor's approbation for his ''Histoire des mathematiques'', which is justly famous as a history of the mathematical sciences.
 
File:Nicolaus I Bernoulli.jpg|link=Nicolaus I Bernoulli (nonfiction)|1759 Nov. 29: Mathematician and theorist [[Nicolaus I Bernoulli (nonfiction)|Nicolaus I Bernoulli]] dies. He introduced a successful resolution to the [[St. Petersburg paradox (nonfiction)|St. Petersburg paradox]].
 
</gallery>
 
<gallery>
File:Pieter van Musschenbroek.jpg|link=Pieter van Musschenbroek (nonfiction)|1761 Mar. 14: Mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher [[Pieter van Musschenbroek (nonfiction)|Pieter van Musschenbroek]] born. He will invent the first capacitor in 1746: the Leyden jar.
File:Thomas_Bayes.gif|link=Thomas Bayes (nonfiction)|1761 Apr. 7: Mathematician, philosopher, and minister [[Thomas Bayes (nonfiction)|Thomas Bayes]] dies. He is remembered for having formulated a specific case of the theorem that bears his name: Bayes' theorem.
File:Pieter van Musschenbroek.jpg|link=Pieter van Musschenbroek (nonfiction)|1761 Sep. 19: Mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher [[Pieter van Musschenbroek (nonfiction)|Pieter van Musschenbroek]] dies. He invented the first capacitor in 1746: the Leyden jar.
File:Jean-Louis_Pons.jpg|link=Jean-Louis Pons (nonfiction)|1761 Dec. 24: Astronomer [[Jean-Louis Pons (nonfiction)|Jean-Louis Pons]] born. He will become the greatest visual comet discoverer of all time: between 1801 and 1827, Pons will discover thirty-seven comets, more than any other person in history.
 
File:Claude Chappe.jpg|link=Claude Chappe (nonfiction)|1763 Dec. 25: Inventor [[Claude Chappe (nonfiction)|Claude Chappe]] born. He will invent and develop a practical semaphore system that will span all of France -- the first practical telecommunications system of the industrial age.
 
File:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey by Sir Thomas Lawrence copy.jpg|link=Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey (nonfiction)|1764 Mar. 13: [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey (nonfiction)|Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey]] born. His government will see the abolition of slavery in the British Empire.
File:Peder Horrebow.jpg|link=Peder Horrebow (nonfiction)|1764 Apr. 15: Astronomer and mathematician [[Peder Horrebow (nonfiction)|Peder Horrebow]] dies. he invent a way to determine a place's latitude from the stars.
File:William Hogarth.jpg|link=William Hogarth (nonfiction)|1764 Oct. 26: Satirist, painter, illustrator, and critic [[William Hogarth (nonfiction)|William Hogarth]] dies. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called "modern moral subjects".
 
File:Joseph_Nicéphore_Niépce.jpg|link=Nicéphore Niépce (nonfiction)|1765 Mar. 7: Inventor [[Nicéphore Niépce (nonfiction)|Nicéphore Niépce]] born. He will invent heliography, a technique he will use to create the world's oldest surviving product of a photographic process.
File:Alexis Clairault.jpg|link=Alexis Clairaut (nonfiction)|1765 May 17: Mathematician, astronomer, and geophysicist [[Alexis Clairaut (nonfiction)|Alexis Clairaut]] dies. His work helped to establish the validity of the principles and results that Sir Isaac Newton had outlined in the ''Principia'' of 1687.
File:Johann Friedrich Pfaff.jpg|link=Johann Friedrich Pfaff (nonfiction)|1765 Dec. 22: mathematician [[Johann Friedrich Pfaff (nonfiction)|Johann Friedrich Pfaff]] born.  He will work on partial differential equations of the first order Pfaffian systems, as they are now called, which will become part of the theory of differential forms.
 
File:Dominique Jean Larrey.jpg|link=Dominique Jean Larrey (nonfiction)|1766 Jul. 8: Physician and surgeon [[Dominique Jean Larrey (nonfiction)|Dominique Jean Larrey]] born.  He will be an important innovator in battlefield medicine and triage, now often considered the first modern military surgeon.
File:John Dalton by Charles Turner.jpg|link=John Dalton (nonfiction)|1766 Sep. 6: Chemist, meteorologist, and physicist [[John Dalton (nonfiction)|John Dalton]] born. He will propose the modern atomic theory, and do research in color blindness.
 
File:Joseph_Fourier.jpg|link=Joseph Fourier (nonfiction)|1768 Mar. 21: Mathematician and physicist [[Joseph Fourier (nonfiction)|Joseph Fourier]] born. He will initiate the investigation of Fourier series and their applications to problems of heat transfer and vibrations.
File:Antoine Deparcieux.jpg|link=Antoine Deparcieux (nonfiction)|1768 Sep. 2: Mathematician and engineer [[Antoine Deparcieux (nonfiction)|Antoine Deparcieux]] dies. He made a living manufacturing sundials.
 
File:Thomas Seebeck.jpg|link=Thomas Johann Seebeck (nonfiction)|1770 Apr. 9: Physicist and academic [[Thomas Johann Seebeck (nonfiction)|Thomas Johann Seebeck]] born. He will discover the thermoelectric effect.
File:Charles Messier.jpg|link=Charles Messier (nonfiction)|1770 Jun. 30: Astronomer [[Charles Messier (nonfiction)|Charles Messier]] is elected to the French Academy of Sciences.
File:Jean-Antoine Nollet.jpg|link=Jean-Antoine Nollet (nonfiction)|1700 Apr. 20: Priest and physicist [[Jean-Antoine Nollet (nonfiction)|Jean-Antoine Nollet]] dies. In 1746 he gathered about two hundred monks into a circle about a mile (1.6 km) in circumference, with pieces of iron wire connecting them. He then discharged a battery of Leyden jars through the human chain and observed that each man reacted at substantially the same time to the electric shock, showing that the speed of electricity's propagation is very high.
 
File:Joseph_Diez_Gergonne.jpg|link=Joseph Diez Gergonne (nonfiction)|1771 Jun. 19: Mathematician and logician [[Joseph Diez Gergonne (nonfiction)|Joseph Diez Gergonne]] born. He will contribute to the principle of duality in projective geometry, by noticing that every theorem in the plane connecting points and lines corresponds to another theorem in which points and lines are interchanged, provided that the theorem embodied no metrical notions.
 
File:Charles Messier.jpg|link=Charles Messier (nonfiction)|1773 Oct. 10: The Whirlpool Galaxy is discovered by [[Charles Messier (nonfiction)|Charles Messier]].
File:George Cayley.jpg|link=George Cayley (nonfiction)|1773 Dec. 27: Engineer [[George Cayley (nonfiction)|George Cayley]] born.  He will do pioneering work in aeronautics, investigating and codifying the dynamics of flight.
File:Nathaniel Bowditch.jpg|link=Nathaniel Bowditch (nonfiction)|1773 Mar. 26: American captain and mathematician [[Nathaniel Bowditch (nonfiction)|Nathaniel Bowditch]] born.  He will be a founder of modern maritime navigation; his book ''The New American Practical Navigator'', first published in 1802, will be carried on board every commissioned U.S. Naval vessel.
 
File:Francis Baily.jpg|link=Francis Baily (nonfiction)|1774 Apr.19: Astronomer [[Francis Baily (nonfiction)|Francis Baily]] born.  He will observe "Baily's beads" during an annular eclipse (1836).
 
File:André-Marie_Ampère.jpg|link=André-Marie Ampère (nonfiction)|1775 Jan. 20: Physicist and mathematician [[André-Marie Ampère (nonfiction)|André-Marie Ampère]] born. He will be one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he will referr to as "electrodynamics".
File:Thomas Paine.jpg|link=Thomas Paine (nonfiction)|1775 Mar. 8: An anonymous writer, thought by some to be [[Thomas Paine (nonfiction)|Thomas Paine]], publishes "African Slavery in America", the first article in the American colonies calling for the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of slavery.
 
File:John Harrison.jpg|link=John Harrison (nonfiction)|1776 Mar. 24: Carpenter and clockmaker [[John Harrison (nonfiction)|John Harrison]] dies.  He invented a marine chronometer, a long-sought-after device for solving the problem of calculating longitude while at sea.
File:Sophie Germain.jpg|link=Sophie Germain (nonfiction)|1776 Apr. 1: Mathematician, physicist, and philosopher [[Sophie Germain (nonfiction)|Sophie Germain]] born. Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem will provide a foundation for mathematicians exploring the subject for hundreds of years after.
 
File:Louis_Poinsot.jpg|link=Louis Poinsot (nonfiction)|1777 Jan. 3: Mathematician and physicist [[Louis Poinsot (nonfiction)|Louis Poinsot]] born. Poinsot will invent geometrical mechanics, showing how a system of forces acting on a rigid body can be resolved into a single force and a couple.
File:Carl Friedrich Gauss 1840 by Jensen.jpg|link=Carl Friedrich Gauss (nonfiction)|1777 Apr. 30: Mathematician, astronomer, and physicist [[Carl Friedrich Gauss (nonfiction)|Carl Friedrich Gauss]] born. He will have an exceptional influence in many fields of mathematics and science and be ranked as one of history's most influential mathematicians.
File:John Mudge.jpg|link=John Mudge (nonfiction)|1777 May 29: Physician and engineer [[John Mudge (nonfiction)|John Mudge]] elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in the same year was awarded the Copley medal for his 'Directions for making the best Composition for the Metals for reflecting Telescopes; together with a Description of the Process for Grinding, Polishing, and giving the great Speculum the true Parabolic Curve'.
File:Hans Christian Ørsted.jpg|link=Hans Christian Ørsted (nonfiction)|1777 Aug. 14: Physicist and chemist [[Hans Christian Ørsted (nonfiction)|Hans Christian Ørsted]] born. He will discover that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism.
File:Johann Heinrich Lambert.jpg|link=Johann Heinrich Lambert (nonfiction)|1777 Sep. 25: Polymath [[Johann Heinrich Lambert (nonfiction)|Johann Heinrich Lambert]] dies. He made important contributions to mathematics, physics (particularly optics), philosophy, astronomy, and map projections.
 
File:Carl von Linné.jpg|link=Carl Linnaeus (nonfiction)|1778 Jan. 10: Botanist, physician, and zoologist [[Carl Linnaeus (nonfiction)|Carl Linnaeus]] dies. He formalized the binomial nomenclature system of taxonomy.
 
File:Jean-Jacques Rousseau.jpg|link=Jean-Jacques Rousseau (nonfiction)|1778 Jul 2: Philosopher and author [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau (nonfiction)|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] dies. His political philosophy influenced the Enlightenment in France and across Europe.
 
File:John Winthrop.jpg|link=John Winthrop (scientist) (nonfiction)|1779 May 3: Mathematician, physicist, and astronomer [[John Winthrop (scientist) (nonfiction)|John Winthrop]] dies. He was one of the foremost men of science in America during the 18th century.
 
File:Jørgen Jørgensen (Eckersberg).jpg|link=Jørgen Jørgensen (nonfiction)|1780 Mar. 29: Adventurer [[Jørgen Jørgensen (nonfiction)|Jørgen Jørgensen]] born. He will sail to Iceland, declaring the country independent from Denmark and pronouncing himself its ruler, intending to found a new republic following the United States of America and France.
 
File:Simeon Poisson.jpg|link=Siméon Denis Poisson (nonfiction)|1781 Jun. 21: Mathematician and physicist [[Siméon Denis Poisson (nonfiction)|Siméon Denis Poisson]] born. His memoirs on the theory of electricity and magnetism will constitute a new branch of mathematical physics.
File:Johannes Kies.jpg|link=Johann Kies (nonfiction)|1781 Jul 21: Astronomer and mathematician [[Johann Kies (nonfiction)|Johann Kies]] dies. He was one of the first to propagate Isaac Newton's discoveries in Germany, and dedicated two of his works to the Englishman.
 
File:Daniel Bernoulli.jpg|link=Daniel Bernoulli (nonfiction)|1782 Mar. 17: Mathematician and physicist [[Daniel Bernoulli (nonfiction)|Daniel Bernoulli]] dies. He is particularly remembered for his applications of mathematics to mechanics, especially fluid mechanics, and for his pioneering work in probability and statistics.
 
File:Georg Scheutz.jpg|link=Per Georg Scheutz (nonfiction)|1873 May 22: Lawyer, translator, and inventor [[Per Georg Scheutz (nonfiction)|Per Georg Scheutz]] born.  He will invent the Scheutzian calculation engine, based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
File:Leonhard Euler.jpg|link=Leonhard Euler (nonfiction)|1783 Sep. 18: Mathematician and physicist [[Leonhard Euler (nonfiction)|Leonhard Euler]] dies. He made important and influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics, and introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, such as the notion of a mathematical function.
File:Etienne Bezout.jpg|link=Étienne Bézout (nonfiction)|1783 Sep. 27: Mathematician [[Étienne Bézout (nonfiction)|Étienne Bézout]] dies. His ''Théorie générale des équations algébriques'' contained much new and valuable matter on the theory of elimination and symmetrical functions of the roots of an equation.
File:Jean le Rond d'Alembert.jpg|link=Jean le Rond d'Alembert (nonfiction)|1783 Oct. 29: Mathematician, physicist, and philosopher [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert (nonfiction)|Jean le Rond d'Alembert]] dies. He made contributions to mathematics and physics, including D'Alembert's formula for obtaining solutions to the wave equation.
 
File:Denis Diderot by van Loo.jpg|link=Denis Diderot (nonfiction)|1784 Jul. 31: Philosopher, art critic, and writer [[Denis Diderot (nonfiction)|Denis Diderot]] dies. He was a prominent figure during the Enlightenment, serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the ''Encyclopédie'' along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert.
File:César François Cassini de Thury.jpg|link=César-François Cassini de Thury (nonfiction)|1784 Sep. 4: Astronomer and cartographer [[César-François Cassini de Thury (nonfiction)|César-François Cassini de Thury]] dies. In 1744, he began the construction of a great topographical map of France, one of the landmarks in the history of cartography. Completed by his son Jean-Dominique, Cassini IV and published by the Académie des Sciences from 1744 to 1793, its 180 plates are known as the Cassini map.
File:Charles Dupin.jpg|link=Charles Dupin (nonfiction)|1784 Oct. 6: Mathematician, engineer, cartographer, economist, and politician [[Charles Dupin (nonfiction)|Charles Dupin]] born. In 1826 he will create the earliest known choropleth map.
 
File:Georg Scheutz.jpg|link=Per Georg Scheutz (nonfiction)|1785 Sep. 23: Lawyer, translator, and inventor [[Per Georg Scheutz (nonfiction)|Per Georg Scheutz]] born.  He will invent the Scheutzian calculation engine, based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
 
File:François Arago.jpg|link=François Arago (nonfiction)|1786 Feb. 26: Mathematician and politician [[François Arago (nonfiction)|François Arago]] born.  He will observe that a rotating plate of copper tends to communicate its motion to a magnetic needle suspended over it, an effect which will later be known as eddy current.
File:Joseph Nicollet.jpg|link=Joseph Nicollet (nonfiction)|1786 Jul 24: Mathematician and explorer [[Joseph Nicollet (nonfiction)|Joseph Nicollet]] born. He will map the Upper Mississippi River basin during the 1830s.
 
File:Laura Bassi.jpg|link=Laura Bassi (nonfiction)|1788 Feb 20: Physicist and academic [[Laura Bassi (nonfiction)|Laura Bassi]] dies. She was one of the key figures in introducing Newton's ideas of physics and natural philosophy to Italy.
File:Sir Francis Ronalds.jpg|link=Francis Ronalds (nonfiction)|1788 Feb. 21: Scientist, inventor, and engineer [[Francis Ronalds (nonfiction)|Francis Ronalds]] born. He will be knighted for creating the first working electric telegraph.
File:Scopoli Giovanni Antonio.jpg|link=Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (nonfiction)|1788 Jun. 3: Physician, geologist, and botanist [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (nonfiction)|Giovanni Antonio Scopoli]] born. He will be called the "first anational European" and the "Linnaeus of the Austrian Empire".
File:Nicole-Reine Lepaute.jpg|link=Nicole-Reine Lepaute (nonfiction)|1788 Dec. 6: Astronomer and mathematician [[Nicole-Reine Lepaute (nonfiction)|Nicole-Reine Lepaute]] dies. She predicted the return of Halley's Comet, calculated the timing of a solar eclipse, and constructed a group of catalogs for the stars.
 
File:Jean-André Lepaute.jpg|link=Jean-André Lepaute (nonfiction)|1789 Apr. 11: Clockmaker [[Jean-André Lepaute (nonfiction)|Jean-André Lepaute]] dies. He was an innovator, introducing numerous improvements in clockmaking, especially his pin-wheel escapement, and his clockworks in which the gears are all in the horizontal plane.
 
File:Edmund Burke 1771.jpg|link=Edmund Burke (nonfiction)|1790 Nov. 1: [[Edmund Burke (nonfiction)|Edmund Burke]] publishes ''Reflections on the Revolution in France'', in which he predicts that the [[French Revolution (nonfiction)|French Revolution]] will end in a disaster.
File:August Ferdinand Möbius.jpg|link=August Ferdinand Möbius (nonfiction)|1790 Nov. 17: Mathematician and astronomer [[August Ferdinand Möbius (nonfiction)|August Ferdinand Möbius]] born. He will discover the Möbius strip, a non-orientable two-dimensional surface with only one side when embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space.
 
File:Samuel_Morse_1840.jpg|link=Samuel Morse (nonfiction)|1791 Apr. 27: Painter and inventor [[Samuel Morse (nonfiction)|Samuel Morse]] born.  He will co-invent the Morse code.
File:Charles Babbage by Antoine Claudet c1847-51.jpg|link=Charles Babbage (nonfiction)|1791 Dec. 26: Polymath [[Charles Babbage (nonfiction)|Charles Babbage]] born. He will pioneer the concept of a digital programmable computer.
File:Joseph-Louis Lagrange.jpg|link=Joseph-Louis Lagrange (nonfiction)|1781 Sep. 21: [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange (nonfiction)|Joseph-Louis Lagrange]] writes to d'Alembert: "It appears to me also that the mine [of mathematics] is already very deep and that unless one discovers new veins it will be necessary sooner or later to abandon it." This view is prevalent at the end of the eighteenth century.
 
File:Sir Richard Arkwright by Mather Brown 1790.jpg|link=Richard Arkwright (nonfiction)|1792 Aug. 3: Inventor, engineer, and businessman [[Richard Arkwright (nonfiction)|Richard Arkwright]] dies. Later in his life Arkwright was known as the "father of the modern industrial factory system."
File:Nebula orionis as depicted by Guillaume Le Gentil in 1758.jpg|link=Guillaume Le Gentil (nonfiction)|1792 Oct. 22: Astronomer [[Guillaume Le Gentil (nonfiction)|Guillaume Le Gentil]] dies. He discovered what are now known as the Messier objects M32, M36 and M38, as well as the nebulosity in M8, and he was the first to catalogue the dark nebula sometimes known as Le Gentil 3 (in the constellation Cygnus).
 
File:John Mudge.jpg|link=John Mudge (nonfiction)|1793 Mar. 26: Physician and engineer [[John Mudge (nonfiction)|John Mudge]] dies. He was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer, and often regarded as the "father of civil engineering".
File:Supplice de 9 émigrés Octobre 1793.jpg|link=French Revolution (nonfiction)|1793 Apr. 6: During the [[French Revolution (nonfiction)|French Revolution]], the Committee of Public Safety becomes the executive organ of the republic.
File:Jean_Sylvain_Bailly.jpg|link=Jean Sylvain Bailly (nonfiction)|1793 Nov. 12: Astronomer, mathematician, and political leader [[Jean Sylvain Bailly (nonfiction)|Jean Sylvain Bailly]] is guillotined during the Reign of Terror. He participated in the early stages of the French Revolution, presiding over the Tennis Court Oath, and serving as the mayor of Paris from 1789 to 1791.
 
File:Nicolas_de_Condorcet.png|link=Marquis de Condorcet (nonfiction)|1794 Mar. 28: Philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist [[Marquis de Condorcet (nonfiction)|Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis of Condorcet]] dies. His ideas and writings were said to embody the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment and rationalism, and remain influential to this day.
File:Antoine Lavoisier.jpg|link=Antoine Lavoisier (nonfiction)|1794 May 8: Branded a traitor during the Reign of Terror by revolutionists, French chemist [[Antoine Lavoisier (nonfiction)|Antoine Lavoisier]], who was also a tax collector with the Ferme générale, is tried, convicted and guillotined in one day in Paris.
 
File:James Braid.jpg|link=James Braid (nonfiction)|1795 Jun. 19: Surgeon and gentleman scientist [[James Braid (nonfiction)|James Braid]] born. He will be an important and influential pioneer of hypnotism and hypnotherapy.
File:Giuseppe Balsamo (Count Alessandro Cagliostro).jpg|link=Alessandro Cagliostro (nonfiction)|1795 Aug. 26: Occultist and explorer [[Alessandro Cagliostro (nonfiction)|Alessandro Cagliostro]] dies. He was a glamorous figure associated with the royal courts of Europe where he pursued psychic healing, alchemy, and scrying.
 
File:Johan Carl Wilcke.jpg|link=Johan Wilcke (nonfiction)|1796 Apr. 18: Physicist [[Johan Wilcke (nonfiction)|Johan Carl Wilcke]] dies. He invented the electrophorus, and calculated the latent heat of ice.
File:David Rittenhouse by Charles Wilson Peale.jpg|link=David Rittenhouse (nonfiction)|link=David Rittenhouse (nonfiction)|1796 Jun. 26: Inventor, astronomer, mathematician, clockmaker, and surveyor [[David Rittenhouse (nonfiction)|David Rittenhouse]] dies. He was the first Director of the United States Mint, hand-striking the new nation's first coins.
File:Thomas Reid.jpg|link=Thomas Reid (nonfiction)|1796 Oct. 7: Mathematician and philosopher [[Thomas Reid (nonfiction)|Thomas Reid]] dies. Reid believed that common sense (in a special philosophical sense of ''sensus communis'') is, or at least should be, at the foundation of all philosophical inquiry. He disagreed with David Hume, who asserted that we can never know what an external world consists of as our knowledge is limited to the ideas in the mind, and George Berkeley, who asserted that the external world is merely ideas in the mind.
 
File:Carl Friedrich Gauss 1840 by Jensen.jpg|link=Carl Friedrich Gauss (nonfiction)|1797 Oct. 16: [[Carl Friedrich Gauss (nonfiction)|Carl Friedrich Gauss]] records in his diary that he has discovered a new proof of the Pythagorean Theorem.
 
File:Franz Ernst Neumann by Carl Steffeck 1886.jpg|link=Franz Ernst Neumann (nonfiction)|1798 Sep. 11: Mineralogist, physicist, and mathematician [[Franz Ernst Neumann (nonfiction)|Franz Ernst Neumann]] born. His 1831 study on the specific heats of compounds will include what is now known as Neumann's Law: the molecular heat of a compound is equal to the sum of the atomic heats of its constituents.
File:Luigi Galvani.jpg|link=Luigi Galvani (nonfiction)|1798 Dec. 4: Physician and physicist [[Luigi Galvani (nonfiction)|Luigi Galvani]] dies. In 1780, he discovered that the muscles of dead frogs' legs twitch when struck by an electrical spark.
 
File:Maria Gaetana Agnesi.jpg|link=Maria Gaetana Agnesi (nonfiction)|1799 Jan. 9: Mathematician,  philosopher, theologian, and humanitarian [[Maria Gaetana Agnesi (nonfiction)|Maria Gaetana Agnesi]] dies. She is credited with writing the first book discussing both differential and integral calculus.
File:Jean Charles Borda.jpg|link=Jean-Charles de Borda (nonfiction)|1799 Feb. 19: Mathematician, physicist, and sailor [[Jean-Charles de Borda (nonfiction)|Jean-Charles de Borda]] dies. He contributed to the development of the metric system, constructing a platinum standard meter, the basis of metric distance measurement.
File:Jean-Étienne Montucla.jpg|link=Jean-Étienne Montucla (nonfiction)|1799 Dec. 18: Mathematician and theorist [[Jean-Étienne Montucla (nonfiction)|Jean-Étienne Montucla]] dies. His deep interest in history of mathematics became apparent with his publication of ''Histoire des Mathématiques'', the first part appearing in 1758.
</gallery>
 
1800s
 
<gallery>
File:Jesse Ramsden. Mezzotint by J. Jones, 1790, after R. Home.jpg|link=Jesse Ramsden (nonfiction)|1800 Nov. 5: Mathematician, astronomical and scientific instrument maker [[Jesse Ramsden (nonfiction)|Jesse Ramsden]] dies. He built his reputation on his dividing engines, which allowed high accuracy measurements of angles and lengths in instruments. He produced instruments for astronomy that were especially well-known for maritime use, where they were needed for the measurement of latitudes and for his surveying instruments which were widely used for cartography and land survey.
 
File:Joseph Ludwig Raabe.jpg|link=Joseph Ludwig Raabe (nonfiction)|1801 May 15: Mathematician [[Joseph Ludwig Raabe (nonfiction)|Joseph Ludwig Raabe]] born. He will discover Raabe's ratio test, which determines the convergence or divergence of an infinite series, in some cases.
File:George Biddell Airy 1891.jpg|link=George Biddell Airy (nonfiction)|1801 Jul. 27: Mathematician and astronomer [[George Biddell Airy (nonfiction)|George Biddell Airy]] born. His achievements will include work on planetary orbits, measuring the mean density of the Earth, and, in his role as Astronomer Royal, establishing Greenwich as the location of the prime meridian.
File:Antoine Augustin Cournot.jpg|link=Antoine Augustin Cournot (nonfiction)|1801 Aug. 28: Mathematician and philosopher [[Antoine Augustin Cournot (nonfiction)|Antoine Augustin Cournot]] born. He will introduce the ideas of functions and probability into economic analysis.
 
File:János Bolyai.jpg|link=János Bolyai (nonfiction)|1802 Dec. 15: Mathematician and academic [[János Bolyai (nonfiction)|János Bolyai]] born. He will be one of the founders of non-Euclidean geometry.
 
File:John Dalton by Charles Turner.jpg|link=John Dalton (nonfiction)|1803 Sep. 3: Chemist [[John Dalton (nonfiction)|John Dalton]] uses symbols to represent the atoms making up molecules of different elements.
 
File:Joseph Priestley.jpg|link=Joseph Priestley (nonfiction)|1804 Feb. 16: British scientist [[Joseph Priestley (nonfiction)|Joseph Priestley]] dies. He is historically credited with the discovery of oxygen, having isolated it in its gaseous state, but his determination to defend phlogiston theory and to reject what would become the chemical revolution left him isolated within the scientific community.
File:Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi.jpg|link=Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (nonfiction)|1804 Dec. 10: Mathematician and academic [[Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (nonfiction)|Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi]] born. He will make fundamental contributions to elliptic functions, dynamics, differential equations, and number theory.
 
File:Claude Chappe.jpg|Claude Chappe (nonfiction)|1805 Jan. 23: Inventor [[Claude Chappe (nonfiction)|Claude Chappe]] dies. He invented and developed a practical semaphore system that eventually spanned all of France -- the first practical telecommunications system of the industrial age.
File:Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet.jpg|link=Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (nonfiction)|1805 Feb. 13: Mathematician [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (nonfiction)|Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]] born. He will important make contributions to number theory, analysis, and mechanics. Dirichlet will be one of the first mathematicians to give the modern formal definition of a function.
File:A la mémoire de J.M. Jacquard.jpg|link=Joseph Marie Jacquard (nonfiction)|1805 Apr. 12: Emperor Napoleon and Empress Josephine visit Lyon and viewed [[Joseph Marie Jacquard (nonfiction)|Joseph Marie Jacquard]]'s new [[Jacquard loom (nonfiction)|programmable loom]].
File:A la mémoire de J.M. Jacquard.jpg|link=Joseph Marie Jacquard (nonfiction)|1805 Apr. 15: Emperor grants the patent for Jacquard’s loom to the city of Lyon. In return, Jacquard received a lifelong pension of 3,000 francs.
File:William Rowan Hamilton.png|link=William Rowan Hamilton (nonfiction)|1805 Aug. 4: Physicist, astronomer, and mathematician [[William Rowan Hamilton (nonfiction)|William Rowan Hamilton]] born. He will make important contributions to classical mechanics, optics, and algebra, inventing the [[Quaternion (nonfiction)|quaternion]].
 
File:John Stuart Mill circa 1870.jpg|link=John Stuart Mill (nonfiction)|1806 May 20: Economist, civil servant, and philosopher [[John Stuart Mill (nonfiction)|John Stuart Mill]] born. He will be one of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism, and the first Member of Parliament to call for women's suffrage.
 
File:Jérôme Lalande.jpg|link=Jérôme Lalande (nonfiction)|1807 Apr. 4: Astronomer, freemason, and writer [[Jérôme Lalande (nonfiction)|Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande]] dies. As a lecturer and writer Lalande helped popularize astronomy. His planetary tables were the best available up to the end of the 18th century.
File:Robert Fulton.jpg|link=Robert Fulton (nonfiction)|1807 Aug. 17: [[Robert Fulton (nonfiction)|Robert Fulton]]'s North River Steamboat leaves New York City for Albany, New York, on the Hudson River, inaugurating the first commercial steamboat service in the world.
File:Pierre Alexandre Laurent Forfait.jpg|link=Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait (nonfiction)|1807 Nov. 8: Engineer, hydrographer, and politician [[Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait (nonfiction)|Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait]] dies. He designed and oversaw the building of ships, making structural improvements and developing techniques to improve the disposition of cargo in ships' holds.
 
File:Johann Benedict Listing.jpg|link=Johann Benedict Listing (nonfiction)|1808 Jul. 25: Mathematician [[Johann Benedict Listing (nonfiction)|Johann Benedict Listing]] born. He will introduce the term "topology" in a famous article published in 1847, having already used the term in correspondence some years earlier.
 
File:Benjamin Peirce.jpg|link=Benjamin Peirce (nonfiction)|1809 Apr. 4: Mathematician [[Benjamin Peirce (nonfiction)|Benjamin Peirce]] born. He will make contributions to celestial mechanics, statistics, number theory, algebra, and the philosophy of mathematics; he will become known for the statement that "Mathematics is the science that draws necessary conclusions".
 
File:Henry Cavendish.jpg|link=Henry Cavendish (nonfiction)|1810 Feb. 24: Chemist, physicist, and philosopher [[Henry Cavendish (nonfiction)|Henry Cavendish]] dies. He discovered "inflammable air", later named hydrogen.
 
File:Henri Victor Regnault 1860s.jpg|link=Henri Victor Regnault (nonfiction)|1810 Jul. 21: Chemist and physicist [[Henri Victor Regnault (nonfiction)|Henri Victor Regnault]] born.  He will be an early thermodynamicist, best known for his careful measurements of the thermal properties of gases, and for mentoring William Thomson in the late 1840s.
 
File:Urbain Le Verrier.jpg|link=Urbain Le Verrier (nonfiction)|1811 Mar. 11: Mathematician and astronomer [[Urbain Le Verrier (nonfiction)|Urbain Le Verrier]] born.  He  will predict the existence and position of Neptune using only mathematics, an event which will be widely regarded as one of the most remarkable moments of 19th century science.
File:Robert Bunsen.jpg|link=Robert Bunsen (nonfiction)|1811 Mar. 30: Chemist and academic [[Robert Bunsen (nonfiction)|Robert Bunsen]] born. He will investigate emission spectra of heated elements, and discover caesium (in 1860) and rubidium (in 1861) with the physicist Gustav Kirchhoff.
File:Hasan Tahsini.jpg|link=Hasan Tahsini (nonfiction)|1811 Apr. 7: Astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher [[Hasan Tahsini (nonfiction)|Hasan Tahsini]] born. He will become one of the most prominent scholars of the Ottoman Empire of the 19th century.
Orson_Pratt.jpg|link=Orson Pratt (nonfiction)|1811 Sep. 19: Mathematician and religious leader [[Orson Pratt (nonfiction)|Orson Pratt]] born.  As part of his system of Mormon theology, Pratt will embrace the philosophical doctrine of hylozoism.
 
File:Pieter Rijke.jpg|link=Pieter Rijke (nonfiction)|1812 Jul. 11: Physicist and academic [[Pieter Rijke (nonfiction)|Petrus Leonardus Rijke]] born. He will explore the physics of electricity, and be known for the Rijke tube (which turns heat into sound, by creating a self-amplifying standing wave).
 
File:Joseph-Louis Lagrange.jpg|link=Joseph-Louis Lagrange (nonfiction)|1813 Apr. 10: Mathematician and astronomer [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange (nonfiction)|Joseph-Louis Lagrange]] dies. He made significant contributions to the fields of analysis, number theory, and both classical and celestial mechanics.
 
File:Heinrich Geissler.jpg|link=Heinrich Geißler (nonfiction)|1814 May 26: Glassblower, physicist, and inventor [[Heinrich Geißler (nonfiction)|Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Geißler]] born. He will invent the [[Geissler tube (nonfiction)|Geissler tube]], made of glass and used as a low pressure gas-discharge luminescence tube.
File:Samuel Colt.jpg|link=Samuel Colt (nonfiction)|1814 Jul. 19: Engineer and businessman [[Samuel Colt (nonfiction)|Samuel Colt]] born. He will found Colt's Manufacturing Company.
File:James Joseph Sylvester.jpg|link=James Joseph Sylvester (nonfiction)|1814 Sep. 3: Mathematician and academic [[James Joseph Sylvester (nonfiction)|James Joseph Sylvester]] born. He will make fundamental contributions to matrix theory, invariant theory, number theory, partition theory, and combinatorics.
File:Julius Robert Mayer.jpg|link=Julius von Mayer (nonfiction)|1814 Nov. 25: Physician and physicist [[Julius von Mayer (nonfiction)|Julius Robert von Mayer]] born. He will describe the vital chemical process now referred to as oxidation as the primary source of energy for any living creature; but his achievements will be overlooked and priority for the discovery of the mechanical equivalent of heat will be attributed to James Joule.
 
 
File:Franz Anton Mesmer.jpg|link=Franz Mesmer (nonfiction)|1815 Mar. 5: Physician [[Franz Mesmer (nonfiction)|Franz Mesmer]] dies.  Mesmer theorized that there is a natural energy transference which occurs between all animated and inanimate objects which he called animal magnetism. The effects which he observed are now attributed to hypnosis.
File:Sir Francis Ronalds.jpg|link=Francis Ronalds (nonfiction)|1815 Mar. 9: [[Francis Ronalds (nonfiction)|Francis Ronalds]] describes the first battery-operated clock in the Philosophical Magazine.
File:Karl Weierstrass.jpg|link=Karl Weierstrass (nonfiction)|1815 Oct. 31: Mathematician and academic [[Karl Weierstrass (nonfiction)|Karl Weierstrass]] born. He will be cited as the "father of modern analysis".
File:George Boole.jpg|link=George Boole (nonfiction)|1815 Nov. 2: Mathematician and philosopher [[George Boole (nonfiction)|George Boole]] born.  He will work in the fields of differential equations and algebraic logic, developing Boolean algebra and Boolean logic.
 
File:Ada Lovelace.jpg|link=Ada Lovelace (nonfiction)|1815 Dec. 10: Mathematician and writer [[Ada Lovelace (nonfiction)|Ada Lovelace]] born. She will do pioneering work in symbolic languages for machine processes, developing what will later be called computer programs for Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine.
 
File:Filippo Mazzei.jpg|link=Filippo Mazzei (nonfiction)|1816 Mar. 19: Physician and activist [[Filippo Mazzei (nonfiction)|Filippo Mazzei]] dies. He acted as an agent to purchase arms for Virginia during the American Revolutionary War.
 
File:Carl Wilhelm Borchardt.jpg|link=Carl Wilhelm Borchardt (nonfiction)|1817 Feb. 22: Mathematician and academic [[Carl Wilhelm Borchardt (nonfiction)|Carl Wilhelm Borchardt]] born. He will contribute to arithmetic-geometric mean theory, continuing work by Gauss and Lagrange.
File:Charles Messier.jpg|link=Charles Messier (nonfiction)|1817 Apr 12: Astronomer [[Charles Messier (nonfiction)|Charles Messier]] dies. He published an astronomical catalogue consisting of nebulae and star clusters that came to be known as the 110 "Messier objects".
File:Edouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.jpg|link=Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville (nonfiction)|1817 Apr. 25: Printer, bookseller, and inventor [[Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville (nonfiction)|Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville]] born. He will invent the phonoautograph, which records an audio signal as a photographic image.
File:Carl Friedrich Gauss 1840 by Jensen.jpg|link=Carl Friedrich Gauss (nonfiction)|1817 Apr. 28: [[Carl Friedrich Gauss (nonfiction)|Carl Friedrich Gauss]] writes to the astronomer H. W. M. Oblers, saying, "I am becoming more and more convinced that the necessity of our (Euclidean) geometry cannot be proved, at least not by human intellect nor for the human intellect."
 
File:Angelo Secchi.jpg|link=Angelo Secchi (nonfiction)|1818 Jun. 29: Astronomer, academic, and Jesuit [[Angelo Secchi (nonfiction)|Angelo Secchi]] born. Secchi will be a pioneer of astronomical spectroscopy, and one of the first scientists to state authoritatively that the Sun is a star.
File:Gaspard Monge.jpg|link=Gaspard Monge (nonfiction)|1818 Jul. 28: Mathematician and engineer [[Gaspard Monge (nonfiction)|Gaspard Monge]] dies. He invented descriptive geometry, and did pioneering work in differential geometry.
File:Emil du Bois-Reymond.jpg|link=Emil du Bois-Reymond (nonfiction)|1818 Nov. 7: Physician and physiologist [[Emil du Bois-Reymond (nonfiction)|Emil du Bois-Reymond]] born. He will discover nerve action potential, and develop experimental electrophysiology.
File:James Prescott Joule.jpg|link=James Prescott Joule (nonfiction)|1818 Dec. 24: Physicist and brewer [[James Prescott Joule (nonfiction)|James Prescott Joule]] born. He will study the nature of heat, and discover its relationship to mechanical work.
 
File:Great Comet of 1819 by Kendall.jpg|link=Great Comet of 1819 (nonfiction)|1819 Jul. 1: Johann Georg Tralles discovers the [[Great Comet of 1819 (nonfiction)|Great Comet of 1819]] (C/1819 N1). It was the first comet analyzed using polarimetry, by François Arago.
File:Maria Mitchell.jpg|link=Maria Mitchell (nonfiction)|1819 Aug 1: Astronomer and academic [[Maria Mitchell (nonfiction)|Maria Mitchell]] born. She will be the first American woman to work as a professional astronomer.
File:George Gabriel Stokes.jpg|link=Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet (nonfiction)|1819 Aug. 13:  Physicist and mathematician [[Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet (nonfiction)|Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet]] born. He will make pioneering contributions to fluid dynamics (including the Navier–Stokes equations) and to physical optics.
File:James Watt.jpg|link=James Watt (nonfiction)|1819 Aug. 25: inventor, engineer, and chemist [[James Watt (nonfiction)|James Watt]] dies. He made major improvements to the steam engine.
File:George Salmon.jpg|link=George Salmon (nonfiction)|1819 Sep. 25:  Mathematician and Anglican theologian [[George Salmon (nonfiction)|George Salmon]] born. He will work in algebraic geometry for two decades, then devote the last forty years of his life to theology.
 
File:Arthur Cayley.jpg|link=Arthur Cayley (nonfiction)|1821 Aug. 16: Mathematician and academic [[Arthur Cayley (nonfiction)|Arthur Cayley]] born. He will be the first to define the concept of a group in the modern way, as a set with a binary operation satisfying certain laws.
 
File:Rudolf Clausius.jpg|link=Rudolf Clausius (nonfiction)|1822 Jan. 2: [[Rudolf Clausius (nonfiction)|Rudolf Clausius]] born. He will be one of the central founders of the science of thermodynamics.
File:Francis Galton 1850s.jpg|link=Francis Galton (nonfiction)|1822 Feb. 16: Statistician, progressive, polymath, sociologist, psychologist, anthropologist, eugenicist, tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, and psychometrician [[Francis Galton (nonfiction)|Francis Galton]] born.
File:Ignacy Lukasiewicz.jpg|link=Ignacy Łukasiewicz (nonfiction)|1822 Mar. 8: Pharmacist, inventor, and industrialist [[Ignacy Łukasiewicz (nonfiction)|Ignacy Łukasiewicz]] born. He will build the world's first oil refinery and invent the kerosene lamp.
File:Joseph Bertrand.jpg|link=Joseph Bertrand (nonfiction)|1822 Mar. 11: Mathematician, economist, and academic [[Joseph Bertrand (nonfiction)|Joseph Louis François Bertrand]] born. He will work in the fields of number theory, differential geometry, probability theory, economics and thermodynamics.
File:Hannibal Goodwin.jpg|link=Hannibal Goodwin (nonfiction)|1822 Apr. 21: Priest and inventor [[Hannibal Goodwin (nonfiction)|Hannibal Goodwin]] born.  He will invent and patent rolled celluloid photographic film.
File:Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre.png|link=Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre (nonfiction)|1822 Aug. 19: Mathematician and astronomer [[Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre (nonfiction)|Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre]] dies.  He was one of the first astronomers to derive astronomical equations from analytical formulas.
 
File:Wilhelm Bauer.gif|link=Wilhelm Bauer (nonfiction)|1822 Dec. 23: Inventor and engineer [[Wilhelm Bauer (nonfiction)|Wilhelm Bauer]] born.  He will design and build several hand-powered [[Submarine (nonfiction)|submarines]].
 
File:Gustav Robert Kirchhoff.jpg|link=Gustav Kirchhoff (nonfiction)|1824 Mar. 12: Physicist and academic [[Gustav Kirchhoff (nonfiction)|Gustav Kirchhoff]] born. He will contribute to the fundamental understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and the emission of black-body radiation by heated objects.
File:Lord Kelvin by Hubert von Herkomer.jpg|link=William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (nonfiction)|1824 Jun. 26: [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (nonfiction)|Lord Kelvin]] born.  He will do much to unify the emerging discipline of physics in its modern form.
File:Paul Broca.jpg|link=Paul Broca (nonfiction)|1824 Jun. 28: Physician, anatomist, and anthropologist [[Paul Broca (nonfiction)|Paul Broca]] born.  He will discover that the brains of patients suffering from aphasia contain lesions in a particular part of the cortex, in the left frontal region -- the first anatomical proof of the localization of brain function.
 
File:Edward Frankland.jpg|link=Edward Frankland (nonfiction)|1825 Jan. 28: Chemist [[Edward Frankland (nonfiction)|Edward Frankland]] born. He will be one of the originators of organometallic chemistry, introducing the concept of combining power or valence.
File:Johann Friedrich Pfaff.jpg|link=Johann Friedrich Pfaff (nonfiction)|1825 Apr. 21: Mathematician [[Johann Friedrich Pfaff (nonfiction)|Johann Friedrich Pfaff]] dies.  He worked on partial differential equations of the first order Pfaffian systems, as they are now called, which became part of the theory of differential forms.
File:Johann Jakob Balmer.jpg|link=Johann Jakob Balmer (nonfiction)|1825 May 1: Mathematician and physicist [[Johann Jakob Balmer (nonfiction)|Johann Jakob Balmer]] born. He will develop an empirical formula for the visible spectral lines of the hydrogen atom.
File:Thomas Henry Huxley.jpg|link=Thomas Henry Huxley (nonfiction)|1825 May 4: Biologist [[Thomas Henry Huxley (nonfiction)|Thomas Henry Huxley]] born. He will be known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
File:Richard August Carl Emil Erlenmeyer.jpg|link=Emil Erlenmeyer (nonfiction)|1825 Jun. 28: Chemist and academic [[Emil Erlenmeyer (nonfiction)|Emil Erlenmeyer]] born. He will contribute to the early development of the theory of structure, formulating the Erlenmeyer rule, and designing the Erlenmeyer flask.
 
File:Charles Dupin.jpg|link=Charles Dupin (nonfiction)|1873 Jan. 18: Mathematician, engineer, cartographer, economist, and politician [[Charles Dupin (nonfiction)|Charles Dupin]] dies. In 1826 created the earliest known choropleth map.
File:Tullio Levi-civita.jpg|link=Tullio Levi-Civita (nonfiction)|1873 Mar. 29: Mathematician and academic [[Tullio Levi-Civita (nonfiction)|Tullio Levi-Civita]] born. He will gain fame for his work on absolute differential calculus (tensor calculus) and its applications to the theory of relativity, and make significant contributions in other areas.
File:Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann.jpg|link=Bernhard Riemann (nonfiction)|1826 Sep. 17: Mathematician and academic [[Bernhard Riemann (nonfiction)|Bernhard Riemann]] born. He will make contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry.
 
File:Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace by Guérin.jpg|link=Pierre-Simon Laplace (nonfiction)|1827 Mar. 5: Mathematician and astronomer [[Pierre-Simon Laplace (nonfiction)|Pierre-Simon Laplace]] dies. He made important contributions to mathematics, statistics, physics and astronomy.
File:Ernst Chladni.jpg|link=Ernst Chladni (nonfiction)|1827 Apr. 3: Physicist, musician, and academic [[Ernst Chladni (nonfiction)|Ernst Chladni]] dies. He has been called both the father of acoustics and the father of meteoritics.
File:Joseph Lister 1902.jpg|link=Joseph Lister (nonfiction)|1827 Apr. 5: Surgeon and scientist [[Joseph Lister (nonfiction)|Joseph Lister]] born. He will pioneer antiseptic surgery, performing the first antiseptic surgery in 1865.
File:William Blake by John Flaxman c1804.jpg|link=William Blake (nonfiction)|1827 Aug. 12: Poet, painter, and printmaker [[William Blake (nonfiction)|William Blake]] dies. Largely unrecognized during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. Although Blake was considered mad by contemporaries for his idiosyncratic views, he is held in high regard by later critics for his expressiveness and creativity, and for the philosophical and mystical undercurrents within his work.
 
File:Karl Mikhailovich Peterson.jpg|link=Karl Mikhailovich Peterson (nonfiction)|1828 May 25: Mathematician [[Karl Mikhailovich Peterson (nonfiction)|Karl Mikhailovich Peterson]] born. He will discover equations which will subsequently be named the Gauss–Codazzi equations, fundamental to the theory of embedded hypersurfaces in a Euclidean space.
 
File:William Stanley.jpg|link=William Stanley (nonfiction)|1829 Feb. 2: Inventor, engineer, and philanthropist [[William Stanley (nonfiction)|William Stanley]] born. He will design and manufacture precision drawing and mathematical instruments, as well as surveying instruments and telescopes.
File:Typographer patent 1829.jpg|link=Typographer (typewriter) (nonfiction)|1829 Jul. 23: William Austin Burt patents the [[Typographer (typewriter) (nonfiction)|typographer]], a precursor to the typewriter.
File:Moritz Benedikt Cantor.jpg|link=Moritz Cantor (nonfiction)|1829 Aug. 23: Mathematician and historian [[Moritz Cantor (nonfiction)|Moritz Cantor]] born. He will write ''Vorlesungen über Geschichte der Mathematik'', which traces the history of mathematics up to 1799.
 
File:Joseph_Fourier.jpg|link=Joseph Fourier (nonfiction)|1830 May 16: Mathematician and physicist [[Joseph Fourier (nonfiction)|Joseph Fourier]] dies. He initiated the investigation of Fourier series and their applications to problems of heat transfer and vibrations.
 
File:Samuel Bentham.jpg|link=Samuel Bentham (nonfiction)|1831 May 31: engineer and naval architect [[Samuel Bentham (nonfiction)|Samuel Bentham]] dies. He designed the first Panopticon.
File:James Clerk Maxwell.png|link=James Clerk Maxwell (nonfiction)|1831 Jun. 13: Physicist and mathematician [[James Clerk Maxwell (nonfiction)|James Clerk Maxwell]] born. His discoveries will help usher in the era of modern physics, laying the foundation for such fields as special relativity and quantum mechanics.
File:Sophie Germain.jpg|link=Sophie Germain (nonfiction)|1831 Jun. 27: Mathematician, physicist, and philosopher [[Sophie Germain (nonfiction)|Sophie Germain]] dies. Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem provided a foundation for mathematicians exploring the subject for hundreds of years after.
File:Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi.jpg|link=Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (nonfiction)|1831 Sep. 11: Mathematician [[Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (nonfiction)|Carl Jacobi]] is appointed, after a four hour disputation in Latin, professor at the University of Konigsberg. While there he will inaugurate what is then a complete novelty in mathematics: research seminars for the more advanced students and interested colleagues.
File:Richard Dedekind.jpg|link=Richard Dedekind (nonfiction)|1831 Oct. 6: Mathematician, philosopher, and academic [[Richard Dedekind (nonfiction)|Richard Dedekind]] born. He will make important contributions to abstract algebra (particularly ring theory), algebraic number theory and the definition of the real numbers.
File:Jean-Louis_Pons.jpg|link=Jean-Louis Pons (nonfiction)|1831 Oct. 14: Astronomer [[Jean-Louis Pons (nonfiction)|Jean-Louis Pons]] dies. He was the greatest visual comet discoverer of all time: between 1801 and 1827, Pons discovered thirty-seven comets, more than any other person in history.
File:Johannes Bosscha.jpg|link=Johannes Bosscha (nonfiction)|1831 Nov. 18: Physicist [[Johannes Bosscha (nonfiction)|Johannes Bosscha Jr.]] born. He will make important investigations on galvanic polarization and the rapidity of sound waves; he will be one of the first (1855) to suggest the possibility of sending two messages simultaneously over the same wire.
File:Paul Du Bois-Reymond Heidelberg.jpg|link=Paul du Bois-Reymond (nonfiction)|1831 Dec. 2: Mathematician [[Paul du Bois-Reymond (nonfiction)|Paul David Gustav du Bois-Reymond]] born. He will work on the theory of functions and in mathematical physics.
File:Thomas Seebeck.jpg|link=Thomas Johann Seebeck (nonfiction)|1831 Dec. 10: Physicist and academic [[Thomas Johann Seebeck (nonfiction)|Thomas Johann Seebeck]] dies. He discovered the thermoelectric effect.
 
File:Lewis Carroll.jpg|link=Lewis Carroll (nonfiction)|1832 Jan. 27: Novelist, poet, and mathematician [[Lewis Carroll (nonfiction)|Lewis Carroll]] born. He will write ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', and its sequel ''Through the Looking-Glass''.
File:Carl Gottfried Neumann.jpg|link=Carl Gottfried Neumann (nonfiction)|1832 May 7: Mathematician [[Carl Gottfried Neumann (nonfiction)|Carl Gottfried Neumann]] born. He will study physics with his father, and later work as a mathematician, dealing almost exclusively with problems arising from physics.
File:Jean-Antoine Chaptal.jpg|link=Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal (nonfiction)|1832 Jul. 30: Chemist, physician, agronomist, industrialist, statesman, educator, and philanthropist [[Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal (nonfiction)|Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal]] dies.
 
File:Alfred Clebsch.jpg|link=Alfred Clebsch (nonfiction)|1833 Jan. 19: Mathematician and academic [[Alfred Clebsch (nonfiction)|Alfred Clebsch]] born.  He will make important contributions to algebraic geometry and invariant theory.
File:Joseph_Nicéphore_Niépce.jpg|link=Nicéphore Niépce (nonfiction)|1833 Jul. 5: Inventor [[Nicéphore Niépce (nonfiction)|Nicéphore Niépce]] dies. He invented heliography, a technique which he used to create the world's oldest surviving product of a photographic process.
 
File:Johann Philipp Reis.jpg|link=Johann Philipp Reis (nonfiction)|1834 Jan. 7: Scientist and inventor [[Johann Philipp Reis (nonfiction)|Johann Philipp Reis]] born. He will invent the Reis Telephone.
File:John Venn.jpg|link=John Venn (nonfiction)|1834 Aug. 1: Mathematician and philosopher [[John Venn (nonfiction)|John Venn]] born. He will invent the Venn diagram, now widely used set theory, probability, logic, statistics, and computer science.
File:Georg Hermann Quincke.jpg|link=Georg Hermann Quincke (nonfiction)|1834 Nov. 19: Physicist and academic [[Georg Hermann Quincke (nonfiction)|Georg Hermann Quincke]] born. He will conduct prolonged researches on the subject of the influence of electric forces upon the constants of different forms of matter, modifying the dissociation hypothesis of Clausius.
 
File:Elisha Gray.jpg|link=|1835 Aug. 2: Electrical engineer [[Elisha Gray (nonfiction)|Elisha Gray]] born. He will do pioneering work in electrical information technologies, including the [[Telephone (nonfiction)|telephone]].
 
File:Samuel Colt.jpg|link=Samuel Colt (nonfiction)|1836 Mar. 5: Inventor [[Samuel Colt (nonfiction)|Samuel Colt]] patents the first production-model revolver, the .34-caliber.
File:Francis Baily.jpg|link=Francis Baily (nonfiction)|1836 May 15: Astronomer [[Francis Baily (nonfiction)|Francis Baily]] observes "Baily's beads" during an annular eclipse.
File:André-Marie_Ampère.jpg|link=André-Marie Ampère (nonfiction)|1836 Jun. 10: Physicist and mathematician [[André-Marie Ampère (nonfiction)|André-Marie Ampère]] dies. He was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as "electrodynamics".
File:Blodget's Hotel.jpg|link=1836 Patent Office fire (nonfiction)|1836 Dec. 15: A [[1836 Patent Office fire (nonfiction)|fire at the U.S. Patent Office]] destroys all 10,000 patents and several thousand related patent models.
 
File:Telegraph.jpg|link=Electrical telegraph (nonfiction)|1837 Jul. 12: The first commercial use of an [[Electrical telegraph (nonfiction)|electrical telegraph]] is successfully demonstrated in London by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone.
 
File:Johannes Diderik van der Waals.jpg|link=Johannes Diderik van der Waals (nonfiction)|1837 Nov. 23: Theoretical physicist and academic [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals (nonfiction)|Johannes Diderik van der Waals]] born. He will win the 1910 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids.
File:Nathaniel Bowditch.jpg|link=Nathaniel Bowditch (nonfiction)|1838 Mar. 16: American captain and mathematician [[Nathaniel Bowditch (nonfiction)|Nathaniel Bowditch]] dies.  He was a founder of modern maritime navigation; his book ''The New American Practical Navigator'', first published in 1802, is still carried on board every commissioned U.S. Naval vessel.
 
File:Opium War.jpg|link=First Opium War (nonfiction)|1839 Jun. 3: In Humen, China, Lin Tse-hsü destroys 1.2 million kg of opium confiscated from British merchants, preliminary to the [[First Opium War (nonfiction)|First Opium War]].
File:Julius Petersen.jpg|link=Julius Petersen (nonfiction)|1839 Jun. 16: Mathematician [[Julius Petersen (nonfiction)|Julius Petersen]] born.  His famous paper ''Die Theorie der regulären graphs'' will be a fundamental contribution to modern graph theory.
 
File:Simeon Poisson.jpg|link=Siméon Denis Poisson (nonfiction)|1840 Apr. 25: Mathematician and physicist [[Siméon Denis Poisson (nonfiction)|Siméon Denis Poisson]] dies. His memoirs on the theory of electricity and magnetism constitute a new branch of mathematical physics.
File:Penny Black.jpg|link=Penny Black (nonfiction)|1840 May 1: The [[Penny Black (nonfiction)|Penny Black postage stamp]] becomes valid for use in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
File:Telegraph.jpg|link=Electrical telegraph (nonfiction)|1840 Jun. 20: [[Samuel Morse (nonfiction)|Samuel Morse]] receives the patent for the [[Electrical telegraph (nonfiction)|telegraph]].
 
File:Jørgen Jørgensen (Eckersberg).jpg|link=Jørgen Jørgensen (nonfiction)|1841 Jan. 20: Adventurer [[Jørgen Jørgensen (nonfiction)|Jørgen Jørgensen]] dies. He sailed to Iceland, declaring the country independent from Denmark and pronouncing himself its ruler, intending to found a new republic following the United States of America and France.
File:Ernst Schroeder.jpg|link=Ernst Schröder (nonfiction)|1841 Nov. 25: Mathematician and logician [[Ernst Schröder (nonfiction)|Ernst Schröder]] born. His monumental ''Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik'' will prepare the way for the emergence of mathematical logic as a separate discipline in the twentieth century by systematizing the various systems of formal logic of the day.
 
File:Édouard Lucas.png|link=Édouard Lucas (nonfiction)|1842 Apr. 4: Mathematician [[Édouard Lucas (nonfiction)|Édouard Lucas]] born. He will study the Fibonacci sequence; the related Lucas sequences and Lucas numbers will be named after him.
File:Dominique Jean Larrey.jpg|link=Dominique Jean Larrey (nonfiction)|1842 Jul. 25: Physician and surgeon [[Dominique Jean Larrey (nonfiction)|Dominique Jean Larrey]] dies.  He was an important innovator in battlefield medicine and triage, and is often considered the first modern military surgeon.
File:Marius Sophus Lie.jpg|link=Marius Sophus Lie (nonfiction)|1842 Dec. 17: Mathematician and academic [[Marius Sophus Lie (nonfiction)|Marius Sophus Lie]] born. He will largely create the theory of continuous symmetry and apply it to the study of geometry and differential equations.
 
File:Joseph Nicollet.jpg|link=Joseph Nicollet (nonfiction)|1843 Sep. 11: Mathematician and explorer [[Joseph Nicollet (nonfiction)|Joseph Nicollet]] dies. He mapped the Upper Mississippi River basin during the 1830s.
File:William Rowan Hamilton.png|link=William Rowan Hamilton (nonfiction)|1843 Oct. 16: Sir [[William Rowan Hamilton (nonfiction)|William Rowan Hamilton]] comes up with the idea of [[Quaternion (nonfiction)|quaternions]], a non-commutative extension of complex numbers.
 
File:Telegraph.jpg|link=Electrical telegraph (nonfiction) |1844 May 24: [[Samuel Morse (nonfiction)|Samuel Morse]] sends the message "What hath God wrought" (a biblical quotation, Numbers 23:23) from the Old Supreme Court Chamber in the United States Capitol to his assistant, Alfred Vail, in Baltimore, Maryland, to inaugurate a commercial [[Electrical telegraph (nonfiction) |telegraph line]] between Baltimore and Washington D.C.
File:John Dalton by Charles Turner.jpg|link=John Dalton (nonfiction)|1844 Jul. 27: Chemist, meteorologist, and physicist [[John Dalton (nonfiction)|John Dalton]] dies. He proposed the modern atomic theory, and did research in color blindness.
File:Francis Baily.jpg|link=Francis Baily (nonfiction)|1844 Aug. 30: Astronomer [[Francis Baily (nonfiction)|Francis Baily]] dies.  He observed "Baily's beads" during an annular eclipse (1836).
File:Max_Noether_(between_1870_and_1875).jpg|link=Max Noether (nonfiction)|1844 Sep. 24: Mathematician [[Max Noether (nonfiction)|Max Noether]] born. Noether will contribute to algebraic geometry and the theory of algebraic functions. He will be the father of mathematician Emmy Noether.
File:Charles-Émile Reynaud.jpg|link=Charles-Émile Reynaud (nonfiction)|1844 Dec. 8: Scientist, inventor, and educator [[Charles-Émile Reynaud (nonfiction)|Charles-Émile Reynaud]] born. He will invent the Praxinoscope (an improved zoetrope) and be responsible for the first projected animated films.
 
File:Georg Cantor 1894.png|link=Georg Cantor (nonfiction)|1845 Mar. 3: Mathematician and philosopher [[Georg Cantor (nonfiction)|Georg Cantor]] born.  He will invent [[Set theory (nonfiction)|set theory]], a fundamental area of mathematical inquiry.
File:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey by Sir Thomas Lawrence copy.jpg|link=Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey (nonfiction)|1845 Jul. 17: [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey (nonfiction)|Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey]] dies. His government will see the abolition of slavery in the British Empire.
 
File:Samuel Colt.jpg|link=Samuel Colt (nonfiction)|1847 Jan. 4: [[Samuel Colt (nonfiction)|Samuel Colt]] sells his first revolver pistol to the United States government.
File:Thomas Edison.jpg|link=Thomas Edison (nonfiction)|1847 Feb. 11: Inventor, engineer, and businessman [[Thomas Edison (nonfiction)|Thomas Edison]] born. He will develope the light bulb and the phonograph, among other inventions.
File:Alexander Graham Bell.jpg|link=Alexander Graham Bell (nonfiction)|1847 Mar. 3:  Engineer, inventor, and academic [[Alexander Graham Bell (nonfiction)|Alexander Graham Bell]] born. He will patent the telephone in 1876.
File:Cesare_Arzelà.jpg|link=Cesare Arzelà (nonfiction)|1847 Mar. 6: Mathematician [[Cesare Arzelà (nonfiction)|Cesare Arzelà]] born. He will contribute to the theory of functions, notably his characterization of sequences of continuous functions.
 
File:Caroline_Herschel_1829.jpg|link=Caroline Herschel (nonfiction)|1848 Jan. 9: Astronomer [[Caroline Herschel (nonfiction)|Caroline Herschel]] dies. She discovered several comets, including the periodic comet 35P/Herschel-Rigollet, which bears her name.
File:Vilfredo Pareto 1870s.jpg|link=Vilfredo Pareto (nonfiction)|1848 Jul. 14: Engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist, and philosopher [[Vilfredo Pareto (nonfiction)|Vilfredo Pareto]] born.  He will apply mathematics to economic analysis, asserting that the distribution of incomes and wealth in society is not random and that a consistent pattern appears throughout history, in all parts of the world and in all societies.
File:Gottlob Frege.jpg|link=Gottlob Frege (nonfiction)|1848 Nov. 8: Mathematician, logician, and philosopher [[Gottlob Frege (nonfiction)|Gottlob Frege]] born. Though will be largely ignored during his lifetime, his work will influence later generations of logicians and philosophers.
 
File:Charles Sanders Peirce in 1859.jpg|link=Charles Sanders Peirce (nonfiction)|1849 Sep. 10: Mathematician and philosopher [[Charles Sanders Peirce (nonfiction)|Charles Sanders Peirce]] born. He wil be remembered as "the father of pragmatism".
File:Georg Frobenius.jpg|link=Ferdinand Georg Frobenius (nonfiction)|1849 Oct. 26: Mathematician and academic [[Ferdinand Georg Frobenius (nonfiction)|Ferdinand Georg Frobenius]] born. He will make contributions to the theory of elliptic functions, differential equations, and group theory.
File:Ruy Barbosa 1907.jpg|link=Rui Barbosa (nonfiction)|1849 Nov. 5: Polymath, diplomat, jurist, and politician [[Rui Barbosa (nonfiction)|Rui Barbosa]] born.  He will authorize the destruction of most government records relating to slavery, "erasing the stain" of slavery on Brazilian history, yet preventing any possible indemnization of the former slave-owners.
File:John Ambrose Fleming 1890.png|link=John Ambrose Fleming (nonfiction)|1849 Nov. 29: Electrical engineer and physicist [[John Ambrose Fleming (nonfiction)|John Ambrose Fleming]] born. He will invent the thermionic valve, also known as the vacuum tube.
 
</gallery>
 
<gallery>
File:Sofya_Kovalevskaya.jpg|link=Sofia Kovalevskaya (nonfiction)|1850 Jan. 15: Mathematician and physicist [[Sofia Kovalevskaya (nonfiction)|Sofia Kovalevskaya]] born. Kovalevskaya will contribute to analysis, partial differential equations, and mechanics.
File:George Gabriel Stokes.jpg|link=Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet (nonfiction)|1850 Jul. 2: Stokes' theorem appeared for the first time as a postscript to a letter from Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) to Stokes. By the time Stokes died, the theorem was universally known as "Stokes' theorem."
 
File:Jacobus Kapteyn.jpg|link=Jacobus Kapteyn (nonfiction)|1851 Jan. 19: Astronomer and academic [[Jacobus Kapteyn (nonfiction)|Jacobus Kapteyn]] born. Kapteyn will conduct extensive studies of the Milky Way using photography and statistical methods to determine the motions and distribution of stars, discovering evidence for galactic rotation.
File:Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi.jpg|link=Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (nonfiction)|1851 Feb. 18: Mathematician and academic [[Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (nonfiction)|Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi]] dies. He made fundamental contributions to elliptic functions, dynamics, differential equations, and number theory.
File:Hans Christian Ørsted.jpg|link=Hans Christian Ørsted (nonfiction)|1851 Mar. 9: Physicist and chemist [[Hans Christian Ørsted (nonfiction)|Hans Christian Ørsted]] dies. He discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism.
File:George Chrystal.jpg|link=George Chrystal (nonfiction)|1851 Mar. 26: Mathematician [[George Chrystal (nonfiction)|George Chrystal]] born. He will be awarded a Gold Medal from the Royal Society of London (confirmed shortly after his death) for his studies of [[Seiche (nonfiction)|seiches]] (wave patterns in large inland bodies of water).
 
File:Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann.jpg|link=Ferdinand von Lindemann (nonfiction)|1852 Apr. 12: Mathematician and academic [[Ferdinand von Lindemann (nonfiction)|Ferdinand von Lindemann]] born. He will prove (1882) that π (pi) is a transcendental number.
File:Ada Lovelace.jpg|link=Ada Lovelace (nonfiction)|1852 Nov. 27: Mathematician and writer [[Ada Lovelace (nonfiction)|Ada Lovelace]] dies. She did pioneering work in symbolic languages for machine processes, developing what will later be called computer programs for Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine.
 
File:Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.jpg|link=Hendrik Lorentz (nonfiction)|1853 Jul. 18: Physicist and academic [[Hendrik Lorentz (nonfiction)|Hendrik Lorentz]] born. He will share the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect.
File:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes.jpg|link=Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (nonfiction)|1853 Sept 21: Physicist and academic [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (nonfiction)|Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] born. He will receive widespread recognition for his work, including the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics for "his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, ''inter alia'', to the production of liquid helium".
File:François Arago.jpg|link=François Arago (nonfiction)|1853 Oct. 2: Mathematician and politician [[François Arago (nonfiction)|François Arago]] born.  He observed that a rotating plate of copper tends to communicate its motion to a magnetic needle suspended over it, an effect now known as eddy current.
 
File:Henri Poincaré.jpg|link=Henri Poincaré (nonfiction)|1854 Apr. 29: Mathematician, physicist, and engineer [[Henri Poincaré (nonfiction)|Henri Poincaré]] born. He will make many original fundamental contributions to pure and applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and celestial mechanics.
File:George_Eastman.jpg|link=George Eastman (nonfiction)|1854 Jul. 12: [[George Eastman (nonfiction)|George Eastman]] born. He will found the Eastman Kodak Company and popularize the use of roll film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream.
File:Charles Algernon Parsons.jpg|link=Charles Algernon Parsons (nonfiction)|1854 Jun. 13: Engineer and inventor [[Charles Algernon Parsons (nonfiction)|Charles Algernon Parsons]] born. He will invent the compound steam turbine, and work on dynamo and turbine design, power generation, and optical equipment for searchlights and telescopes.
 
File:Sekiya Seikei.jpg|link=Sekiya Seikei (nonfiction)|1855 Jan. 28: Geologist [[Sekiya Seikei (nonfiction)|Sekiya Seikei]] born. He will be one of the first seismologists, influential in establishing the study of seismology in Japan and known for his model showing the motion of an earth-particle during an earthquake.
File:Carl Friedrich Gauss 1840 by Jensen.jpg|link=Carl Friedrich Gauss (nonfiction)|1855 Feb 23: Mathematician, astronomer, and physicist [[Carl Friedrich Gauss (nonfiction)|Carl Friedrich Gauss]] dies. He had an exceptional influence in many fields of mathematics and science and is ranked as one of history's most influential mathematicians.
 
File:Nikolai Tesla 1896.jpg|link=Nikola Tesla (nonfiction)|1856 Jul. 10: Electrical engineer [[Nikola Tesla (nonfiction)|Nikola Tesla]] born. He will make pioneering contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system.
File:J_J_Thomson.jpg|link=J. J. Thomson (nonfiction)|1856 Dec. 15: Physicist and academic [[J. J. Thomson (nonfiction)|J. J. Thomson]] born. His research in cathode rays will lead to the discovery of the electron. Thomson will also discover the first evidence for isotopes of a stable element.
 
File:Edouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.jpg|link=Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville (nonfiction)|1857 Jan. 25: Printer, bookseller, and inventor [[Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville (nonfiction)|Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville]] submits sealed patent application for the phonoautograph, which records an audio signal as a photographic image.
File:Edouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.jpg|link=Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville (nonfiction)|1857 Mar. 25: Printer, bookseller, and inventor [[Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville (nonfiction)|Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville]] is receives a patent for the phonoautograph, which records an audio signal as a photographic image.
File:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.jpg|link=Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (nonfiction)|1857 Sep. 17: Scientist and engineer [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (nonfiction)|Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] born. He will be one of the founding fathers of modern rocketry and astronautics.
File:Aleksandr Ljapunov.jpg|link=Aleksandr Lyapunov (nonfiction)|1857 Jun. 6: Mathematician and physicist [[Aleksandr Lyapunov (nonfiction)|Aleksandr Lyapunov]] born. Lyapunov will contribute to several fields, including differential equations, potential theory, dynamical systems and probability theory. His main preoccupations will be the stability of equilibria and the motion of mechanical systems, and the study of particles under the influence of gravity.
File:George Cayley.jpg|link=George Cayley (nonfiction)|1857 Dec. 15: Engineer [[George Cayley (nonfiction)|George Cayley]] dies.  He did pioneering work in aeronautics, investigating and codifying the dynamics of flight.
 
File:Max Planck 1878.gif|link=Max Planck (nonfiction)|1858 Apr. 23: Physicist and academic [[Max Planck (nonfiction)|Max Planck]] born. He will make many contributions to theoretical physics, earning fame as the originator of quantum theory.
 
File:Joseph Ludwig Raabe.jpg|link=Joseph Ludwig Raabe (nonfiction)|1859 Jan. 22: Mathematician [[Joseph Ludwig Raabe (nonfiction)|Joseph Ludwig Raabe]] dies. He is best known for Raabe's ratio test, which determines the convergence or divergence of an infinite series, in some cases.
File:Alexander Stepanovich Popov.jpg|link=Alexander Stepanovich Popov (nonfiction)|1859 Mar. 16: Physicist and academic [[Alexander Stepanovich Popov (nonfiction)|Alexander Stepanovich Popov]] born. He will do pioneering research in high frequency electrical phenomena; in Russia and some eastern European, he will be acclaimed as the inventor of radio. 
File:Edmund Husserl 1910s.jpg|link=Edmund Husserl (nonfiction)|1859 Apr. 8: Mathematician and philosopher [[Edmund Husserl (nonfiction)|Edmund Husserl]] born. He will argue that transcendental consciousness sets the limits of all possible knowledge.
File:Joseph_Diez_Gergonne.jpg|link=Joseph Diez Gergonne (nonfiction)|1859 May 5: Mathematician and logician [[Joseph Diez Gergonne (nonfiction)|Joseph Diez Gergonne]] dies. He contributed to the principle of duality in projective geometry, by noticing that every theorem in the plane connecting points and lines corresponds to another theorem in which points and lines are interchanged, provided that the theorem embodied no metrical notions.
File:Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet.jpg|link=Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (nonfiction)|1859 May 5: Mathematician [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (nonfiction)|Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]] dies. He made important contributions to number theory, analysis, and mechanics. Dirichlet was one of the first mathematicians to give the modern formal definition of a function.
File:Origin of Species title page.jpg|link=On the Origin of Species (nonfiction)|1859 Nov. 24: Charles Darwin publishes ''[[On the Origin of Species (nonfiction)|On the Origin of Species]]''.
File:Louis_Poinsot.jpg|link=Louis Poinsot (nonfiction)|1859 Dec. 5: Mathematician and physicist [[Louis Poinsot (nonfiction)|Louis Poinsot]] dies. Poinsot invented geometrical mechanics, showing how a system of forces acting on a rigid body can be resolved into a single force and a couple.
 
File:János Bolyai.jpg|link=János Bolyai (nonfiction)|1860 Jan. 27: Mathematician and academic [[János Bolyai (nonfiction)|János Bolyai]] dies. He was one of the founders of non-Euclidean geometry.
File:James Braid.jpg|link=James Braid (nonfiction)|1860 Mar. 25: Surgeon and gentleman scientist [[James Braid (nonfiction)|James Braid]] dies. He was an important and influential pioneer of hypnotism and hypnotherapy.
File:Edouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.jpg|link=Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville (nonfiction)|1860 Apr. 9: On his phonautograph machine, [[Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville (nonfiction)|Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville]] makes the oldest known recording of an audible human voice. A visual recording of audio data, it will first be played back in 2008.
File:Vito Volterra.jpg|link=Vito Volterra (nonfiction)|1860 May 3: Mathematician and physicist [[Vito Volterra (nonfiction)|Vito Volterra]] born. He will be one of the founders of functional analysis, making contributions to mathematical biology and integral equations.
File:Oliver Blackburn Shallenberger.jpg|link=Oliver B. Shallenberger (nonfiction)|1860 May 7: Electrical engineer and inventor [[Oliver B. Shallenberger (nonfiction)|Oliver Blackburn Shallenberger]] born. He will invent the first successful alternating current electrical meter, which will be critical to the general acceptance of AC power.
File:Telegraph.jpg|link=Electrical telegraph (nonfiction)|1860 Oct. 8: [[Electrical telegraph (nonfiction)|Telegraph]] line between Los Angeles and San Francisco opens.
File:Margaret Eliza Maltby circa 1908.jpg|link=Margaret Eliza Maltby (nonfiction)|1860 Dec. 10: Physicist [[Margaret Eliza Maltby (nonfiction)|Margaret Eliza Maltby]] born.  She will contribute to the measurement of high electrolytic resistances and conductivity of very dilute solutions. 
 
File:Pierre Duhem.jpg|link=Pierre Duhem (nonfiction)|1861 Jun. 9: Physicist, mathematician, and historian [[Pierre Duhem (nonfiction)|Pierre Duhem]] born. He will write: "A theory of physics is not an explanation. It is a system of mathematical propositions, deduced from a small number of principles, which have for their aim to represent as simply, as completely and as exactly as possible, a group of experimental laws."
File:Dmitry_Mirimanoff.jpg|link=Dmitry Mirimanoff (nonfiction)|1861 Sep. 13: Mathematician [[Dmitry Mirimanoff (nonfiction)|Dmitry Mirimanoff]] born. In 1917, he will introduce (though not as explicitly as John von Neumann later) the cumulative hierarchy of sets and the notion of von Neumann ordinals; although he will introduce a notion of regular (and well-founded set) he will not consider regularity as an axiom, but also explore what is now called non-well-founded set theory, and have an emergent idea of what is now called bisimulation.
 
File:Samuel Colt.jpg|link=Samuel Colt (nonfiction)|1862 Jan. 10: Engineer and businessman [[Samuel Colt (nonfiction)|Samuel Colt]] dies. He founded Colt's Manufacturing Company.
File:Maurice d'Ocagne.jpg|link=Philbert Maurice d’Ocagne (nonfiction)|1862 Mar. 25: Mathematician and engineer [[Philbert Maurice d’Ocagne (nonfiction)|Philbert Maurice d’Ocagne]] born.  He will found the field of nomography, the graphic computation of algebraic equations, on charts which he will called [[Nomogram (nonfiction)|nomograms]].
File:William Sydney Porter.jpg|link=O. Henry (nonfiction)|1862 Sep. 11: Short story writer [[O. Henry (nonfiction)|O. Henry]], known for his surprise endings, born.
File:John Charles Fields.jpg|link=John Charles Fields (nonfiction)|1863 May 14: Mathematician [[John Charles Fields (nonfiction)|John Charles Fields]] born.  He will found the Fields Medal for outstanding achievement in mathematics.
File:Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley.jpg|link=H. L. Hunley (nonfiction)|1863 Aug. 12: Confederate submarine ''[[H. L. Hunley (nonfiction)|H. L. Hunley]]'' arrives at Charleston, South Carolina by rail. A pioneering vessel, ''Hunley'' will later played a small part in the American Civil War, revealing the advantages and the dangers of undersea warfare.
File:Alexey Krylov 1910s.jpg|link=Aleksey Krylov (nonfiction)|1863 Aug. 15: Mathematician and naval engineer [[Aleksey Krylov (nonfiction)|Aleksey Krylov]] born. Fame will come to him in the 1890s, when his pioneering theory of oscillating motions of the ship becomes internationally known.
File:Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley.jpg|link=H. L. Hunley (nonfiction)|1863 Aug. 29: Confederate submarine ''[[H. L. Hunley (nonfiction)|H. L. Hunley]]'' sinks during a test run, killing five members of her crew.
File:Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley.jpg|link=H. L. Hunley (nonfiction)|1863 Oct. 15: Confederate submarine ''[[H. L. Hunley (nonfiction)|H. L. Hunley]]'' sinks for the second time, killing all eight of her second crew, including Horace Hunley himself, who was aboard at the time, even though he was not a member of the Confederate military.
 
File:Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley.jpg|link=H. L. Hunley (nonfiction)|1864 Feb. 17: Confederate submarine ''[[H. L. Hunley (nonfiction)|H. L. Hunley]]'' engages and sinks the Union warship USS ''Housatonic''. This is the first known instance of a submarine engaging and sinking a warship.
File:Hermann Minkowski.jpg|link=Hermann Minkowski (nonfiction)|1864 Jun. 22: Mathematician and academic [[Hermann Minkowski (nonfiction)|Hermann Minkowski]] born. He will show that Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity can be understood geometrically as a theory of four-dimensional space–time, since known as the "Minkowski spacetime".
File:Petersburg crater aftermath 1865.jpg|link=Battle of the Crater (nonfiction)|1864 Jul 30: American Civil War: [[Battle of the Crater (nonfiction)|Battle of the Crater]]: Union forces attempt to break Confederate lines at Petersburg, Virginia by exploding a large bomb under their trenches.
File:1860 Mitchell Map of New York City, New York.jpg|link=Confederate Army of Manhattan (nonfiction)|1864 Nov. 25: American Civil War: A group of Confederate operatives calling themselves the [[Confederate Army of Manhattan (nonfiction)|Confederate Army of Manhattan]] starts fires in more than 20 locations in an unsuccessful attempt to burn down New York City.
File:George Boole.jpg|link=George Boole (nonfiction)|1864 Dec. 8: Mathematician and philosopher [[George Boole (nonfiction)|George Boole]] dies.  He worked in the fields of differential equations and algebraic logic, developing Boolean algebra and Boolean logic.
 
File:Charles Proteus Steinmetz.jpg|link=Charles Proteus Steinmetz (nonfiction)|1865 Apr. 9: Mathematician and electrical engineer [[Charles Proteus Steinmetz (nonfiction)|Charles Proteus Steinmetz]] born. He will foster the development of alternating current, formulating mathematical theories which will advance the expansion of the electric power industry in the United States.
||File:Wilhelm Wirtinger.jpg|link=Wilhelm Wirtinger (nonfiction)|1865 Jul. 15: Mathematician [[Wilhelm Wirtinger (nonfiction)|Wilhelm Wirtinger]] born. He will contribute to complex analysis, geometry, algebra, number theory, Lie groups and knot theory.
File:Joseph Lister 1902.jpg|link=Joseph Lister (nonfiction)|1865 Aug. 12: Surgeon and scientist [[Joseph Lister (nonfiction)|Joseph Lister]] performs first antiseptic surgery, using carbolic acid (phenol) as a disinfectant.
File:William Rowan Hamilton.png|link=William Rowan Hamilton (nonfiction)|1865 Sep. 2: Physicist, astronomer, and mathematician [[William Rowan Hamilton (nonfiction)|William Rowan Hamilton]] dies. He made important contributions to classical mechanics, optics, and algebra, inventing the [[Quaternion (nonfiction)|quaternion]].
File:Mark Twain by Abdullah Frères, 1867.jpg|link=Mark Twain (nonfiction)|1865 Nov. 18: [[Mark Twain (nonfiction)|Mark Twain]]'s short story "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" is published in ''The Saturday Press''.
 
File:Erik Ivar Fredholm.jpg|link=Erik Ivar Fredholm (nonfiction)|1866 Apr. 7: Mathematician [[Erik Ivar Fredholm (nonfiction)|Erik Ivar Fredholm]] born. He will introduce and analyze a class of integral equations now called Fredholm equations. Fredholm's work on integral equations and operator theory will anticipate the theory of Hilbert spaces.
File:Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann.jpg|link=Bernhard Riemann (nonfiction)|1866 Jul. 20: Mathematician and academic [[Bernhard Riemann (nonfiction)|Bernhard Riemann]] dies. He made contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry.
File:Reginald Fessenden.jpg|link=Reginald Fessenden (nonfiction)|1866 Oct. 6: Inventor [[Reginald Fessenden (nonfiction)|Reginald Fessenden]] born. He will perform pioneering experiments in radio, including the use of continuous waves and the early—and possibly the first—radio transmissions of voice and music.
 
File:Karl Georg Christian von Staudt.jpg|link=Karl Georg Christian von Staudt (nonfiction)|1867 Jun. 7: Mathematician [[Karl Georg Christian von Staudt (nonfiction)|Karl Georg Christian von Staudt]] dies. He used synthetic geometry to provide a foundation for arithmetic.
File:Marie Curie c1920.jpg|link=Marie Curie (nonfiction)|1867 Nov. 7: Physicist and chemist [[Marie Curie (nonfiction)|Marie Curie]] born.  She will conduct pioneering research on radioactivity, discovering the elements polonium and radium.
 
File:Robert Andrews Millikan.jpg|link=Robert Andrews Millikan (nonfiction)|1868 Mar. 22: Physicist [[Robert Andrews Millikan (nonfiction)|Robert Andrews Millikan]] born. He will win the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1923 for the measurement of the elementary electronic charge and for his work on the photoelectric effect.
File:Georgy Voronoy.jpg|link=Georgy Voronoy (nonfiction)|1868 Apr. 28: Mathematician [[Georgy Voronoy (nonfiction)|Georgy Voronoy]] born. He will invent what are today called [[Voronoi diagram (nonfiction)|Voronoi diagrams]] or Voronoi tessellations.
File:Charles Grafton Page.jpg|link=Charles Grafton Page (nonfiction)|1868 May 5: Inventor, physician, chemist [[Charles Grafton Page (nonfiction)|Charles Grafton Page]] born. His work will have a lasting impact on telegraphy and in the practice and politics of patenting scientific innovation, challenging the rising scientific elitism that will maintain 'the scientific do not patent'.
File:George Ellery Hale.jpg|link=George Ellery Hale (nonfiction)|1868 Jun. 29: Astronomer and journalist [[George Ellery Hale (nonfiction)|George Ellery Hale]] born. He will discover magnetic fields in sunspots, and be a leader or key figure in the planning or construction of several world-leading telescopes.
File:Henrietta Swan Leavitt.jpg|link=Henrietta Swan Leavitt (nonfiction)|1868 Jul. 4: Astronomer [[Henrietta Swan Leavitt (nonfiction)|Henrietta Swan Leavitt]] born. She will discover the relation between the luminosity and the period of Cepheid variable stars.
File:August Ferdinand Möbius.jpg|link=August Ferdinand Möbius (nonfiction)|1868 Sep. 26: Mathematician and astronomer [[August Ferdinand Möbius (nonfiction)|August Ferdinand Möbius]] dies. He discovered the Möbius strip, a non-orientable two-dimensional surface with only one side when embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space.
File:Fritz Haber.png|link=Fritz Haber (nonfiction)|1868 Dec. 9: Chemist [[Fritz Haber (nonfiction)|Fritz Haber]] born. He will receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his invention of the Haber–Bosch process, a method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. Haber will also do pioneering work in chemical warfare, weaponizing chlorine and other poisonous gases during World War I.
 
File:Ernst Zermelo 1900s.jpg|link=Ernst Zermelo (nonfiction)|1871 July 27: Logician and mathematician [[Ernst Zermelo (nonfiction)|Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo]] born. His work will have major implications for the foundations of mathematics; he will be known for his role in developing Zermelo–Fraenkel axiomatic set theory, and for his proof of the well-ordering theorem.
 
File:Samuel_Morse_1840.jpg|link=Samuel Morse (nonfiction)|1872 Apr. 2: Painter and inventor [[Samuel Morse (nonfiction)|Samuel Morse]] dies.  He co-invented the Morse code.
File:Willem de Sitter.jpg|link=Willem de Sitter (nonfiction)|1872 May 6: Mathematician, physicist, and astronomer [[Willem de Sitter (nonfiction)|Willem de Sitter]] born. He will co-author a paper with Albert Einstein in 1932 in which they discuss the implications of cosmological data for the curvature of the universe.
File:Alfred Clebsch.jpg|link=Alfred Clebsch (nonfiction)|1872 Nov. 7: Mathematician [[Alfred Clebsch (nonfiction)|Alfred Clebsch]] dies. He made important contributions to algebraic geometry and invariant theory.
 
File:Alice Hamilton.jpg|link=Alice Hamilton (nonfiction)|1869 Feb. 27: Physician, research scientist, and author [[Alice Hamilton (nonfiction)|Alice Hamilton]] born. She will be a leading expert in the field of occupational health and a pioneer in the field of industrial toxicology.
File:Sergey Chaplygin.jpg|link=Sergey Chaplygin (nonfiction)|1869 Apr. 5: Physicist, mathematician, and engineer [[Sergey Chaplygin (nonfiction)|Sergey Chaplygin]] born. He will be known for mathematical formulas such as Chaplygin's equation, and for a hypothetical substance in cosmology called Chaplygin gas, named after him.
File:Hebern_electric_code_machine.jpg|link=Edward Hebern (nonfiction)|1869 Apr. 23: Inventor [[Edward Hebern (nonfiction)|Edward Hugh Hebern]] born. He will be a pioneer of rotor encryption machines.
File:Constantin Carathéodory.jpg|link=Constantin Carathéodory (nonfiction)|1873 Feb. 13: Mathematician and author [[Constantin Carathéodory (nonfiction)|Constantin Carathéodory]] born. He will pioneer the axiomatic formulation of thermodynamics along a purely geometrical approach.
 
File:John Stuart Mill circa 1870.jpg|link=John Stuart Mill (nonfiction)|1873 May 8: Economist, civil servant, and philosopher [[John Stuart Mill (nonfiction)|John Stuart Mill]] dies. He was one of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism, and the first Member of Parliament to call for women's suffrage.
File:Sir Francis Ronalds.jpg|link=Francis Ronalds (nonfiction)|1873 Aug. 8: Scientist, inventor, and engineer [[Francis Ronalds (nonfiction)|Francis Ronalds]] dies. He was knighted for creating the first working electric telegraph.
File:William_D._Coolidge.jpg|link=William D. Coolidge (nonfiction)|1873 Oct. 23: Physicist and engineer [[William D. Coolidge (nonfiction)|William D. Coolidge]] born. He will make major contributions to X-ray machines, and develop ductile tungsten for incandescent light bulbs.
 
File:Johann Philipp Reis.jpg|link=Johann Philipp Reis (nonfiction)|1874 Jan. 14: Scientist and inventor [[Johann Philipp Reis (nonfiction)|Johann Philipp Reis]] dies. He invented the Reis Telephone.
File:Guglielmo Marconi.jpg|link=Guglielmo Marconi (nonfiction)|1874 Apr. 25: Businessman and inventor [[Guglielmo Marconi (nonfiction)|Guglielmo Marconi]] born.  He will share the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".
 
File:Wilhelm Bauer.gif|link=Wilhelm Bauer (nonfiction)|1875 Jun. 20: Inventor and engineer [[Wilhelm Bauer (nonfiction)|Wilhelm Bauer]] dies.  He designed and built several hand-powered [[Submarine (nonfiction)|submarines]].
File:Henri Lebesgue.jpg|link=Henri Lebesgue (nonfiction)|1875 Jun. 28: Mathematician and academic [[Henri Lebesgue (nonfiction)|Henri Lebesgue]] born. He will develop a theory of integration which generalizes the 17th century concept of integration (summing the area between an axis and the curve of a function defined for that axis).
File:Aleister Crowley.jpg|link=Aleister Crowley (nonfiction)|1875 Oct. 12: Magician and author [[Aleister Crowley (nonfiction)|Aleister Crowley]] born. He will gain widespread notoriety during his lifetime, as a recreational drug experimenter, bisexual, and an individualist social critic; the popular press will denounce him as "the wickedest man in the world" and a Satanist.
File:Vesto Slipher.gif|link=Vesto Slipher (nonfiction)|1875 Nov. 11: Astronomer [[Vesto Slipher (nonfiction)|Vesto Melvin Slipher]] born.  He will perform the first measurements of radial velocities for galaxies, providing the empirical basis for the expansion of the universe.
 
File:Jack London 1903.jpg|link=Jack London (nonfiction)|1876 Jan. 12: Author [[Jack London (nonfiction)|Jack London]] born. He will become one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone.
File:Erhard Schmidt.jpg|link=Erhard Schmidt (nonfiction)|1876 Jan. 13: Mathematician [[Erhard Schmidt (nonfiction)|Erhard Schmidt]] born. He will make important contributions to functional analysis and modern set theory.
File:Alexander Graham Bell.jpg|link=Alexander Graham Bell (nonfiction)|1876 Mar. 7: [[Alexander Graham Bell (nonfiction)]] is granted a patent for an invention he calls the "telephone".
File:Alexander Graham Bell.jpg|link=Alexander Graham Bell (nonfiction)|1876 Mar. 10: [[Alexander Graham Bell (nonfiction)|Alexander Graham Bell]] makes the first successful telephone call by saying "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you."
File:Tatyana_Afanasyeva.jpg|link=Tatyana Afanasyeva (nonfiction)|1876 Nov. 19: Mathematician and theorist [[Tatyana Afanasyeva (nonfiction)|Tatyana Afanasyeva]] born. She will contribute to statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics, and to mathematical education in the Netherlands.
 
File:Antoine Augustin Cournot.jpg|link=Antoine Augustin Cournot (nonfiction)|1877 Mar. 31: Mathematician and philosopher [[Antoine Augustin Cournot (nonfiction)|Antoine Augustin Cournot]] dies. He introduced the ideas of functions and probability into economic analysis.
File:Alexander Graham Bell.jpg|link=Alexander Graham Bell (nonfiction)|1877 Jun. 20: [[Alexander Graham Bell (nonfiction)|Alexander Graham Bell]] installs the world's first commercial telephone service in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
File:Rotary dial telephone.jpg|link=Telephone (nonfiction)|1877 Aug. 24: Canada grants Alexander Graham Bell a patent for the [[Telephone (nonfiction)|telephone]].
File:Urbain Le Verrier.jpg|link=Urbain Le Verrier (nonfiction)|1877 Sep. 23: Mathematician and astronomer [[Urbain Le Verrier (nonfiction)|Urbain Le Verrier]] dies.  He  predicted the existence and position of Neptune using only mathematics, an event widely regarded as one of the most remarkable moments of 19th century science.
 
File:Agner Krarup Erlang.jpg|link=Agner Krarup Erlang (nonfiction)|1878 Jan. 1: Mathematician and engineer [[Agner Krarup Erlang (nonfiction)|Agner Krarup Erlang]] born. He will invent the fields of traffic engineering, queueing theory, and telephone networks analysis.
File:Henri Victor Regnault 1860s.jpg|link=Henri Victor Regnault (nonfiction)|1878 Jan. 19: Chemist and physicist [[Henri Victor Regnault (nonfiction)|Henri Victor Regnault]] dies.  He was an early thermodynamicist, best known for his careful measurements of the thermal properties of gases, and for mentoring William Thomson in the late 1840s.
File:Julius Robert Mayer.jpg|link=Julius von Mayer (nonfiction)|1878 Mar. 20: Physician and physicist [[Julius von Mayer (nonfiction)|Julius Robert von Mayer]] dies. In 1842, Mayer described the vital chemical process now referred to as oxidation as the primary source of energy for any living creature. His achievements were overlooked and priority for the discovery of the mechanical equivalent of heat was attributed to James Joule in the following year.
File:Arthur Scherbius.jpg|link=Arthur Scherbius (nonfiction)|1878 Oct. 30: Electrical engineer and inventor [[Arthur Scherbius (nonfiction)|Arthur Scherbius]] born. He will invent and patent the famous mechanical cipher Enigma machine.
 
File:Heinrich Geissler.jpg|link=Heinrich Geißler (nonfiction)|1879 Jan. 24: Glassblower, physicist, and inventor [[Heinrich Geißler (nonfiction)|Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Geißler]] dies. He invented the [[Geissler tube (nonfiction)|Geissler tube]], made of glass and used as a low pressure gas-discharge luminescence tube.
File:Otto Hahn 1970.jpg|link=Otto Hahn (nonfiction)|1879 Mar. 8: Chemist and academic [[Otto Hahn (nonfiction)|Otto Hahn]] born. He will pioneer the fields of radioactivity and radiochemistry, winning the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1944 for the discovery and the radiochemical proof of nuclear fission.
File:Albert Einstein 1921.jpg|link=Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|1879 Apr. 14: Physicist, engineer, and academic [[Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|Albert Einstein]] born. He will develop the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).
File:Edouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.jpg|link=Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville (nonfiction)|1879 Apr. 26: Printer, bookseller, and inventor [[Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville (nonfiction)|Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville]] dies. He invented the phonoautograph, which records an audio signal as a photographic image.
File:Owen Richardson.jpg|link=Owen Willans Richardson (nonfiction)|1879 Apr. 26: Physicist and academic [[Owen Willans Richardson (nonfiction)|Owen Willans Richardson]] born. He will win the 1928 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on thermionic emission, which led to Richardson's law.
File:Hans Hahn.jpg|link=Hans Hahn (nonfiction)|1879 Sep. 27: Mathematician and philosopher [[Hans Hahn (nonfiction)|Hans Hahn]] born. He will make contributions to functional analysis, topology, set theory, the calculus of variations, real analysis, and order theory.
File:James Clerk Maxwell.png|link=James Clerk Maxwell (nonfiction)|1879 Nov. 5: Physicist and mathematician [[James Clerk Maxwell (nonfiction)|James Clerk Maxwell]] dies. His discoveries helped usher in the era of modern physics, laying the foundation for such fields as special relativity and quantum mechanics.
 
File:Harry Laughlin.jpg|link=Harry H. Laughlin (nonfiction)|1880 Mar. 11: American eugenicist and sociologist [[Harry H. Laughlin (nonfiction)|Harry H. Laughlin]] born. He will be the Superintendent of the Eugenics Record Office from its inception in 1910 to its closing in 1939, and among the most active individuals in influencing American eugenics policy, especially compulsory sterilization legislation.
File:Oswald Veblen 1915.jpg|link=Oswald Veblen (nonfiction)|1880 Jun. 24: Mathematician and academic [[Oswald Veblen (nonfiction)|Oswald Veblen]] born. His work will find application in atomic physics and the theory of relativity.
File:Carl Wilhelm Borchardt.jpg|link=Carl Wilhelm Borchardt (nonfiction)|1880 Jun. 27: Mathematician and academic [[Carl Wilhelm Borchardt (nonfiction)|Carl Wilhelm Borchardt]] dies. He contributed to arithmetic-geometric mean theory, continuing work by Gauss and Lagrange.
File:Thomas Edison.jpg|link=Thomas Edison (nonfiction)|1880 Oct. 1: First electric lamp factory is opened by [[Thomas Edison (nonfiction)|Thomas Edison]].
File:Benjamin Peirce.jpg|link=Benjamin Peirce (nonfiction)|1880 Oct. 6: Mathematician [[Benjamin Peirce (nonfiction)|Benjamin Peirce]] dies. He made contributions to celestial mechanics, statistics, number theory, algebra, and the philosophy of mathematics; he became known for the statement that "Mathematics is the science that draws necessary conclusions".
 
File:Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer.jpg|link=L. E. J. Brouwer (nonfiction)|1881 Feb. 27: Mathematician and philosopher [[L. E. J. Brouwer (nonfiction)|L. E. J. Brouwer]] born.  He will make contributions to topology, set theory, measure theory and complex analysis; and he will found the mathematical philosophy of intuitionism.
File:Tolman and Einstein.jpg|link=Richard C. Tolman (nonfiction)|1881 Mar. 4: Physicist and chemist [[Richard C. Tolman (nonfiction)|Richard C. Tolman]] born. He will make important contributions to theoretical cosmology in the years soon after Einstein's discovery of general relativity.
File:Karl Mikhailovich Peterson.jpg|link=Karl Mikhailovich Peterson (nonfiction)|1881 Apr. 19: Mathematician [[Karl Mikhailovich Peterson (nonfiction)|Karl Mikhailovich Peterson]] dies. He discovered equations which were subsequently named the Gauss–Codazzi equations, fundamental to the theory of embedded hypersurfaces in a Euclidean space.
File:Rotary dial telephone.jpg|link=Telephone (nonfiction)|1881 Jul. 1: The world's first international [[Telephone (nonfiction)|telephone]] call is made between St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada, and Calais, Maine, United States.
File:Hasan Tahsini.jpg|link=Hasan Tahsini (nonfiction)|1881 Jul 3: Astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher [[Hasan Tahsini (nonfiction)|Hasan Tahsini]] dies. He was one of the most prominent scholars of the Ottoman Empire of the 19th century.
Orson_Pratt.jpg|link=Orson Pratt (nonfiction)|1881 Oct. 3: Mathematician and religious leader [[Orson Pratt (nonfiction)|Orson Pratt]] dies.  As part of his system of Mormon theology, Pratt embraced the philosophical doctrine of hylozoism.
 
File:Joseph Wedderburn.jpg|link=Joseph Wedderburn (nonfiction)|1882 Feb. 2: Mathematician [[Joseph Wedderburn (nonfiction)|Joseph Wedderburn]] born. He will make significant contributions to algebra, proving that a finite division algebra is a field, and proving part of the Artin–Wedderburn theorem on simple algebras.
File:Wacław Sierpiński.jpg|link=Wacław Sierpiński (nonfiction)|1882 Mar. 14: Mathematician and academic [[Wacław Sierpiński (nonfiction)|Wacław Sierpiński]] born. He will make important contributions to set theory (research on the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis), number theory, theory of functions, and topology.
File:Emmy Noether.jpg|link=Emmy Noether (nonfiction)|1882 Mar. 23: Mathematician [[Emmy Noether (nonfiction)|Emmy Noether]] born. She will make landmark contributions to abstract algebra and theoretical physics.
File:Percy Williams Bridgman.jpg|link=Percy Williams Bridgman (nonfiction)|1882 Apr. 21: Physicist and academic [[Percy Williams Bridgman (nonfiction)|Percy Williams Bridgman]] born. He will win the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the physics of high pressures.
File:Thomas Edison.jpg|link=Thomas Edison (nonfiction)|1882 Sep. 4: [[Thomas Edison (nonfiction)|Thomas Edison]] flips the switch to the first commercial electrical power plant in history, lighting one square mile of lower Manhattan. This is considered by many as the day that began the electrical age.
File:Thomas Edison.jpg|link=Thomas Edison (nonfiction)|1882 Sep. 30: [[Thomas Edison (nonfiction)|Thomas Edison]]'s first commercial hydroelectric power plant (later known as Appleton Edison Light Company) begins operation on the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States.
File:Johann Benedict Listing.jpg|link=Johann Benedict Listing (nonfiction)|1882 Dec. 24: Mathematician [[Johann Benedict Listing (nonfiction)|Johann Benedict Listing]] dies. He introduced the term "topology" in a famous article published in 1847, having already used the term in correspondence some years earlier.
 
File:Sylvanus Morley.jpg|link=Sylvanus Morley (nonfiction)|1883 Jun. 7: Archaeologist and spy [[Sylvanus Morley (nonfiction)|Sylvanus Morley]] born. He will conduct espionage in Mexico on behalf of the United States during World War I; the scope of these activities will only come to light after his death.
File:Nikolai Luzin stamp.jpg|link=Nikolai Luzin (nonfiction)|1883 Dec. 9: Mathematician, theorist, and academic [[Nikolai Luzin (nonfiction)|Nikolai Luzin]] born. He will contribute to descriptive set theory and aspects of mathematical analysis with strong connections to point-set topology.
 
File:Auguste Piccard.jpg|link=Auguste Piccard (nonfiction)|1884 Jan. 28: Physicist and explorer [[Auguste Piccard (nonfiction)|Auguste Piccard]] born. He will make record-breaking hot air balloon flights, with which he will study Earth's upper atmosphere and cosmic rays, and invent of the first bathyscaphe.
File:George_David_Birkhoff.jpg|link=George David Birkhoff (nonfiction)|1884 Mar. 21: Mathematician [[George David Birkhoff (nonfiction)|George David Birkhoff]] born. He will become one of the most important leaders in American mathematics in his generation.
File:Hugo Gernsback by Bachrach.jpg|link=Hugo Gernsback (nonfiction)|1884 Aug. 16: Inventor, writer, editor, and publisher [[Hugo Gernsback (nonfiction)|Hugo Gernsback]] born. He will publish the first science fiction magazine, and have a profound influence on the development of science fiction.
File:Theodor Svedberg.jpg|link=Theodor Svedberg (nonfiction)|1884 Aug. 30: Chemist and academic [[Theodor Svedberg (nonfiction)|Theodor Svedberg]] born. He will be awarded the 1926 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his pioneering use of analytical ultracentrifugation to distinguish pure proteins from one another.
File:Herman Hollerith.jpg|link=Herman Hollerith (nonfiction)|1884 Sep. 23: Patent filed for [[Herman Hollerith (nonfiction)|Herman Hollerith]]'s tabulating machine. Hollerith's machines will be used in the 1890 US Census and in 1924 he and others will form the company that will become IBM.
 
File:Niels Bohr.jpg|link=Niels Bohr (nonfiction)|1885 Oct. 7: Physicist and philosopher [[Niels Bohr (nonfiction)|Niels Bohr]] born. He will make foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he will receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.
File:Hermann Weyl.jpg|link=Hermann Weyl (nonfiction)|1885 Nov. 9: Mathematician, physicist, and philosopher [[Hermann Weyl (nonfiction)|Hermann Weyl]] born. He will be one of the most influential mathematicians of the twentieth century: his research will have major significance for theoretical physics as well as purely mathematical disciplines including number theory.
 
File:G I Taylor.jpg|link=G. I. Taylor (nonfiction)|1886 Mar. 7: Mathematician and physicist [[G. I. Taylor (nonfiction)|G. I. Taylor]] born. He will make major contributions to fluid dynamics and wave theory.
File:Stanisław Leśniewski.jpg|link=Stanisław Leśniewski (nonfiction)|1886 Mar. 30: Mathematician, philosopher, and logician [[Stanisław Leśniewski (nonfiction)|Stanisław Leśniewski]] born. He will posit three nested formal systems, to which he will give the Greek-derived names of protothetic, ontology, and mereology.
 
File:Hugo Steinhaus.jpg|link=Hugo Steinhaus (nonfiction)|1887 Jan. 14: Mathematician and academic [[Hugo Steinhaus (nonfiction)|Hugo Steinhaus]] born. He will "discover" mathematician Stefan Banach, with whom he will make notable contributions to functional analysis, including the Banach–Steinhaus theorem.
File:Herman Hollerith.jpg|link=Herman Hollerith (nonfiction)|1887 Jun. 8: Inventor [[Herman Hollerith (nonfiction)|Herman Hollerith]] applies for US patent #395,781 for the 'Art of Compiling Statistics', his punched card calculator.
File:Erwin Schrödinger (1933).jpg|link=Erwin Schrödinger (nonfiction)|1887 Aug. 12: Physicist and academic [[Erwin Schrödinger (nonfiction)|Erwin Schrödinger]] born. He will be awarded the 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics for the formulation of the Schrödinger equation.
File:Gustav Robert Kirchhoff.jpg|link=Gustav Kirchhoff (nonfiction)|1887 Oct. 7: Physicist and academic [[Gustav Kirchhoff (nonfiction)|Gustav Kirchhoff]] dies. He contributed to the fundamental understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and the emission of black-body radiation by heated objects.
File:Srinivasa_Ramanujan.jpg|link=Srinivasa Ramanujan (nonfiction)|1887 Dec. 22: Mathematician and theorist [[Srinivasa Ramanujan (nonfiction)|Srinivasa Ramanujan]] born. He will make substantial contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions, including solutions to mathematical problems considered to be unsolvable.
 
File:Richard Courant.jpg|link=Richard Courant (nonfiction)|1888 Jan. 8: Mathematician [[Richard Courant (nonfiction)|Richard Courant]] born.  He will co-wrote ''What is Mathematics?''.
File:Nikolai Tesla 1896.jpg|link=Nikola Tesla (nonfiction)|1888 May 16: [[Nikola Tesla (nonfiction)|Nikola Tesla]] delivers a lecture describing the equipment which will allow efficient generation and use of alternating currents to transmit electric power over long distances.
File:Winfried Otto Schumann.jpg|link=Winfried Otto Schumann (nonfiction)|1888 May 20: Physicist [[Winfried Otto Schumann (nonfiction)|Winfried Otto Schumann]] born. He will predict the existence of Schumann resonances, a series of low-frequency resonances caused by lightning discharges in the atmosphere.
File:Rudolf Clausius.jpg|link=Rudolf Clausius (nonfiction)|1888 Aug. 4: [[Rudolf Clausius (nonfiction)|Rudolf Clausius]] dies. He was one of the central founders of the science of thermodynamics.
File:George_Eastman.jpg|link=George Eastman (nonfiction)|1888 Sep. 4: [[George Eastman (nonfiction)|George Eastman]] registers the trademark Kodak and receives a patent for his camera that uses roll film.
File:Ralph Hartley.jpg|link=Ralph Hartley (nonfiction)|1888 Nov. 30:  Electronics researcher [[Ralph Hartley (nonfiction)|Ralph Hartley]] born.  He will invent the Hartley oscillator and the Hartley transform, and contribute to the foundations of information theory.
 
File:Harry Nyquist.jpg|link=Harry Nyquist (nonfiction)|1889 Feb. 7: Engineer and theorist [[Harry Nyquist (nonfiction)|Harry Nyquist]] born. He will do early theoretical work on determining the bandwidth requirements for transmitting information, laying the foundations for later advances by Claude Shannon, which will lead to the development of information theory.
File:Paul Du Bois-Reymond Heidelberg.jpg|link=Paul du Bois-Reymond (nonfiction)|1889 Apr. 7: Mathematician [[Paul du Bois-Reymond (nonfiction)|Paul David Gustav du Bois-Reymond]] dies. He worked on the theory of functions and in mathematical physics.
File:Igor Sikorsky 1914.jpg|link=Igor Sikorsky (nonfiction)|1889 May 25: Aircraft designer [[Igor Sikorsky (nonfiction)|Igor Sikorsky]] born. He will pioneer both helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft.
File:Maria Mitchell.jpg|link=Maria Mitchell (nonfiction)|1889 Jun.28: Astronomer and academic [[Maria Mitchell (nonfiction)|Maria Mitchell]] dies. She was the first American woman to work as a professional astronomer.
File:Van meegeren trial.jpg|link=Han van Meegeren (nonfiction)|1889 Oct. 10: Painter and forger [[Han van Meegeren (nonfiction)|Han van Meegeren]] born. He will be one of the most ingenious art forgers of the 20th century.
File:James Prescott Joule.jpg|link=James Prescott Joule (nonfiction)|1889 Oct. 11: Physicist and brewer [[James Prescott Joule (nonfiction)|James Prescott Joule]] dies. He studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work.
File:Edwin Hubble.jpg|link=Edwin Hubble (nonfiction)|1889 Nov. 20: Astronomer and cosmologist [[Edwin Hubble (nonfiction)|Edwin Hubble]] born. He will discover the fact that the Andromeda "nebula" is actually another island galaxy far outside of our own Milky Way.
 
File:Georg_Feigl.jpg|link=Georg Feigl (nonfiction)|1890 Oct. 13: Mathematician [[Georg Feigl (nonfiction)|Georg Feigl]] born. He will work on the foundations of geometry and topology, studying fixed point theorems for ''n''-dimensional manifolds. Feigl will be one of the initial authors of the ''Mathematisches Wörterbuch''.
 
File:Adolf Abraham Halevi Fraenkel.jpg|link=Abraham Fraenkel (nonfiction)|1891 Feb. 17: Mathematician [[Abraham Fraenkel (nonfiction)|Abraham Fraenkel]] born. He will contribute to axiomatic set theory, and publish a biography of [[Georg Cantor (nonfiction)|Georg Cantor]].
File:Thomas Edison.jpg|link=Thomas Edison (nonfiction)|1891 Aug. 24: [[Thomas Edison (nonfiction)|Thomas Edison]] patents the motion picture camera.
File:Édouard Lucas.png|link=Édouard Lucas (nonfiction)|1891 Oct. 3: Mathematician [[Édouard Lucas (nonfiction)|Édouard Lucas]] dies. He studied the Fibonacci sequence; the related Lucas sequences and Lucas numbers are named after him.
 
File:George Biddell Airy 1891.jpg|link=George Biddell Airy (nonfiction)|1892 Jan. 2: Mathematician and astronomer [[George Biddell Airy (nonfiction)|George Biddell Airy]] dies. His achievements include work on planetary orbits, measuring the mean density of the Earth, and, in his role as Astronomer Royal, establishing Greenwich as the location of the prime meridian.
File:Stefan Banach.jpg|link=Stefan Banach (nonfiction)|1892 Mar. 30: Mathematician and academic [[Stefan Banach (nonfiction)|Stefan Banach]] born. He will be one of the founders of modern functional analysis.
File:Louis de Broglie.jpg|link=Louis de Broglie (nonfiction)|1892 Aug. 15: Physicist and academic [[Louis de Broglie (nonfiction)|Louis de Broglie]] born.  He will postulate the wave nature of electrons and suggest that all matter has wave properties, winning the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1929, after the wave-like behavior of matter is first experimentally demonstrated in 1927.
File:Arthur Compton 1927.jpg|link=Arthur Compton (nonfiction)|1892 Sep. 10:  American physicist and academic [[Arthur Compton (nonfiction)|Arthur Compton]] born. He will win the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927 for his 1923 discovery of the Compton effect, demonstrating the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation.
File:Florence Violet McKenzie in WESC uniform.jpg|link=Florence Violet McKenzie (nonfiction)|1890 (or 1892) Sep. 28: Electrical engineer [[Florence Violet McKenzie (nonfiction)|Florence Violet McKenzie]] born. She will be was Australia's first female electrical engineer, founder of the Women's Emergency Signalling Corps (WESC), and lifelong promoter for technical education for women.
File:Pekka Myrberg.jpg|link=Pekka Myrberg (nonfiction)|1892 Dec. 30: Mathematician [[Pekka Myrberg (nonfiction)|Pekka Myrberg]] born. He will do fundamental work on the iteration of rational functions (especially quadratic functions), developing the concept of period-doubling. Myrberg's research will revive interest in the results of Gaston Julia and Pierre Fatou.
 
File:Thomas Edison.jpg|link=Thomas Edison (nonfiction)|1893 Feb. 1: [[Thomas Edison (nonfiction)|Thomas A. Edison]] finishes construction of the first motion picture studio, the Black Maria in West Orange, New Jersey.
File:Gaston_Julia.jpg|link=Gaston Julia (nonfiction)|1893 Feb. 3: Mathematician [[Gaston Julia (nonfiction)|Gaston Maurice Julia]] born. He will devise the formula for the Julia set.
File:Nikolai Tesla 1896.jpg|link=Nikola Tesla (nonfiction)|1893 Mar. 1: Electrical engineer [[Nikola Tesla (nonfiction)|Nikola Tesla]] gives the first public demonstration of radio in St. Louis, Missouri.
File:Harald Cramér.jpg|link=Harald Cramér (nonfiction)|1893 Sep. 25: Mathematician and statistician [[Harald Cramér (nonfiction)|Harald Cramér]] born. He will help found probability theory as a branch of mathematics, writing in 1926: "The probability concept should be introduced by a purely mathematical definition, from which its fundamental properties and the classical theorems are deduced by purely mathematical operations."
 
File:Aleksandr Khinchin.gif|link=Aleksandr Khinchin (nonfiction)|1894 Jul. 19: Mathematician and academic [[Aleksandr Khinchin (nonfiction)|Aleksandr Khinchin]] born. He will become one of the founders of modern probability theory.
File:Aldous Huxley.png|link=Aldous Huxley (nonfiction)|1894 Jul 26: Writer and philosopher [[Aldous Huxley (nonfiction)|Aldous Huxley]] born. He will be widely acknowledged as one of the pre-eminent intellectuals of his time.
 
File:Arthur Cayley.jpg|link=Arthur Cayley (nonfiction)|1895 Jan. 26: Mathematician and academic [[Arthur Cayley (nonfiction)|Arthur Cayley]] dies. He was the first to define the concept of a group in the modern way, as a set with a binary operation satisfying certain laws.
File:Júlio César de Melo e Sousa.png|link=Júlio César de Mello e Souza (nonfiction)|1895 May 6: Mathematician and academic [[Júlio César de Mello e Souza (nonfiction)|Júlio César de Mello e Souza]] born. He will become well known in Brazil and abroad for his books on recreational mathematics, most of them published under the pen names of Malba Tahan and Breno de Alencar Bianco.
File:Franz Ernst Neumann by Carl Steffeck 1886.jpg|link=Franz Ernst Neumann (nonfiction)|1895 May 23: Mineralogist, physicist, and mathematician [[Franz Ernst Neumann (nonfiction)|Franz Ernst Neumann]] dies. His 1831 study on the specific heats of compounds included what is now known as Neumann's Law: the molecular heat of a compound is equal to the sum of the atomic heats of its constituents.
File:Thomas Henry Huxley.jpg|link=Thomas Henry Huxley (nonfiction)|1895 Jun. 29: Biologist [[Thomas Henry Huxley (nonfiction)|Thomas Henry Huxley]] dies. He is known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
File:Wilhelm Röntgen.jpg|link=Wilhelm Röntgen (nonfiction)|1895 Nov. 8: While experimenting with electricity, [[Wilhelm Röntgen (nonfiction)|Wilhelm Röntgen]] discovers the X-ray.
 
File:Sekiya Seikei.jpg|link=Sekiya Seikei (nonfiction)|1896 Jan. 8: Geologist [[Sekiya Seikei (nonfiction)|Sekiya Seikei]] dies. He was one of the first seismologists, influential in establishing the study of seismology in Japan and known for his model showing the motion of an earth-particle during an earthquake.
File:Alexander Stepanovich Popov.jpg|link=Alexander Stepanovich Popov (nonfiction)|1896 Mar. 24: Russian physicist [[Alexander Stepanovich Popov (nonfiction)|Alexander Stepanovich Popov]] uses radio waves to transmit a message between different campus buildings in St Petersburg.
File:Wilhelm Ackermann.jpg|link=Wilhelm Ackermann (nonfiction)|1896 Mar. 29: Mathematician [[Wilhelm Ackermann (nonfiction)|Wilhelm Ackermann]] born.  He will discover the Ackermann function, an important example in the theory of computation.
File:Guglielmo Marconi.jpg|link=Guglielmo Marconi (nonfiction)|1896 Apr. 5: [[Guglielmo Marconi (nonfiction)|Guglielmo Marconi]] applies for a patent for his wireless telegraph.
File:H. H. Holmes.jpg|link=H. H. Holmes (nonfiction)|1896 May 7: Serial killer [[H. H. Holmes (nonfiction)|H. H. Holmes]] is executed for the murder of his friend and accomplice Benjamin Pitezel.
File:Boris_Podolsky.jpg|link=Boris Podolsky (nonfiction)|1896 Jun. 29: Physicist [[Boris Podolsky (nonfiction)|Boris Yakovlevich Podolsky]] born.  He will work with [[Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|Albert Einstein]] and [[Nathan Rosen (nonfiction)|Nathan Rosen]] on entangled wave functions and the [[EPR paradox (nonfiction)|EPR paradox]].
File:Emil du Bois-Reymond.jpg|link=Emil du Bois-Reymond (nonfiction)|1896 Dec. 26: Physician and physiologist [[Emil du Bois-Reymond (nonfiction)|Emil du Bois-Reymond]] dies. He discovered nerve action potential, and developed experimental electrophysiology.
 
File:James Joseph Sylvester.jpg|link=James Joseph Sylvester (nonfiction)|1897 Mar. 15: Mathematician and academic [[James Joseph Sylvester (nonfiction)|James Joseph Sylvester]] dies. He made fundamental contributions to matrix theory, invariant theory, number theory, partition theory, and combinatorics.
File:John_Lighton_Synge.jpg|link=John Lighton Synge (nonfiction)|1897 Mar. 23: Mathematician, physicist, and academic [[John Lighton Synge (nonfiction)|John Lighton Synge]] born. He will be a prolific author and influential mentor, and be credited with the introduction of a new geometrical approach to the theory of relativity.
File:J_J_Thomson.jpg|link=J. J. Thomson (nonfiction)|1897 Apr. 30: [[J. J. Thomson (nonfiction)|J. J. Thomson]] of the Cavendish Laboratory announces his discovery of the electron as a subatomic particle, over 1,800 times smaller than a proton (in the atomic nucleus), at a lecture at the Royal Institution in London.
File:John Douglas Cockcroft 1961.jpg|link=John Cockcroft (nonfiction)|1897 May 27: Physicist, academic, and Nobel Prize laureate [[John Cockcroft (nonfiction)|John Cockcroft]] born. He will be instrumental in the development of nuclear power.
File:Guglielmo Marconi.jpg|link=Guglielmo Marconi (nonfiction)|1897 Jul. 2: British-Italian engineer [[Guglielmo Marconi (nonfiction)|Guglielmo Marconi]] obtains a patent for radio in London.
File:Amelia Earhart standing under nose of her Lockheed Model 10-E Electral.jpg|link=Amelia Earhart (nonfiction)|1897 Jul. 24: Pilot and author [[Amelia Earhart (nonfiction)|Amelia Earhart]] born. She will set many records, write best-selling books about her flying experiences, and be instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines, an organization for female pilots.
 
 
File:Lewis Carroll.jpg|link=Lewis Carroll (nonfiction)|1898 Jan. 14: Novelist, poet, and mathematician [[Lewis Carroll (nonfiction)|Lewis Carroll]] dies. He wrote ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', and its sequel ''Through the Looking-Glass''.
File:Oliver Blackburn Shallenberger.jpg|link=Oliver B. Shallenberger (nonfiction)|1898 Jan. 23: Electrical engineer and inventor [[Oliver B. Shallenberger (nonfiction)|Oliver Blackburn Shallenberger]] dies. He invented the first successful alternating current electrical meter, which was critical to the general acceptance of AC power.
File:Leo Szilard.jpg|link=Leo Szilard (nonfiction)|1898 Feb. 11: Physicist and academic [[Leo Szilard (nonfiction)|Leo Szilard]] born. He will conceive the nuclear chain reaction in 1933, and patent the idea of a nuclear reactor with Enrico Fermi.
File:Émile Zola.jpg|link=Émile Zola (nonfiction)|1898 Feb. 23: [[Émile Zola (nonfiction)|Émile Zola]] is imprisoned in France after writing "J'accuse", a letter accusing the French government of antisemitism and [[Dreyfus affair (nonfiction)|wrongfully imprisoning Captain Alfred Dreyfus]].
File:Emil Artin.jpg|link=Emil Artin (nonfiction)|1898 Mar. 3: Mathematician [[Emil Artin (nonfiction)|Emil Artin]] born. He will work on algebraic number theory, contributing to class field theory and a new construction of L-functions. He will also contribute to the pure theories of rings, groups and fields.
File:Johann Jakob Balmer.jpg|link=Johann Jakob Balmer (nonfiction)|1898 Mar. 12: Mathematician and physicist [[Johann Jakob Balmer (nonfiction)|Johann Jakob Balmer]] dies. He developed an empirical formula for the visible spectral lines of the hydrogen atom.
File:William James Sidis 1914.jpg|link=William James Sidis (nonfiction)|1898 Apr. 1: Mathematician and anthropologist [[William James Sidis (nonfiction)|William James Sidis]] born. He will become famous first for his precocity and later for his eccentricity and withdrawal from public life.
File:Chiungtze C. Tsen 1932.jpg|link=Chiungtze C. Tsen (nonfiction)|1898 Apr. 2: Mathematician [[Chiungtze C. Tsen (nonfiction)|Chiungtze C. Tsen]] born. He will prove Tsen's theorem, which states that a function field K of an algebraic curve over an algebraically closed field is quasi-algebraically closed (i.e., C1).
File:Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg|link=Radium (nonfiction)|1898 Dec. 26: Marie and Pierre Curie announce the isolation of [[Radium (nonfiction)|radium]].
 
File:John Bodkin Adams 1940s.jpg|link=John Bodkin Adams (nonfiction)|1899 Jan. 21: Physician, confidence trickster, and suspected serial killer [[John Bodkin Adams (nonfiction)|John Bodkin Adams]] is born.
File:Marius Sophus Lie.jpg|link=Marius Sophus Lie (nonfiction)|1899 Feb. 18: Mathematician and academic [[Marius Sophus Lie (nonfiction)|Marius Sophus Lie]] dies. He largely created the theory of continuous symmetry and applied it to the study of geometry and differential equations.
File:Pieter Rijke.jpg|link=Pieter Rijke (nonfiction)|1899 Apr. 7: Physicist and academic [[Pieter Rijke (nonfiction)|Petrus Leonardus Rijke]] dies. He explored the physics of electricity, and is known for the Rijke tube (which turns heat into sound, by creating a self-amplifying standing wave).
File:Gabriel Sudan 1932.jpg|link=Gabriel Sudan (nonfiction)|1899 Apr. 14: Mathematician [[Gabriel Sudan (nonfiction)|Gabriel Sudan]] born. He will discover the Sudan function, an important example in the theory of computation, similar to the Ackermann function.
File:Edward Frankland.jpg|link=Edward Frankland (nonfiction)|1899 Aug. 9: Chemist [[Edward Frankland (nonfiction)|Edward Frankland]] dies. He was one of the originators of organometallic chemistry, introducing the concept of combining power or valence.
File:Robert Bunsen.jpg|link=Robert Bunsen (nonfiction)|1899 Aug. 16: Chemist and academic [[Robert Bunsen (nonfiction)|Robert Bunsen]] dies. He investigated emission spectra of heated elements, and discovered caesium (in 1860) and rubidium (in 1861) with the physicist Gustav Kirchhoff.
File:Jorge Luis Borges.jpg|link=Jorge Luis Borges (nonfiction)|1899 Aug. 24: Short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator [[Jorge Luis Borges (nonfiction)|Jorge Luis Borges]] born. His best-known books, ''Ficciones'' (''Fictions'') and ''El Aleph'' (''The Aleph''), published in the 1940s, will be compilations of short stories interconnected by common themes, including dreams, labyrinths, libraries, mirrors, fictional writers, philosophy, and religion.
File:Georg Cantor 1894.png|link=Georg Cantor (nonfiction)|1899 Aug. 31: [[Georg Cantor (nonfiction)|Georg Cantor]] writes to [[Richard Dedekind (nonfiction)|Dedekind]], remarking that his "diagonal process" could be used to show that the power set of a set has more elements than the set itself.
 
</gallery>
 
1900s
 
<gallery>
File:Howard Aiken.jpg|link=Howard H. Aiken (nonfiction)|1900 Mar. 8: Physicist and computer scientist [[Howard H. Aiken (nonfiction)|Howard H. Aiken]] born. He will design the  Harvard Mark I computer.
File:Joseph Bertrand.jpg|link=Joseph Bertrand (nonfiction)|1900 Apr. 5: Mathematician, economist, and academic [[Joseph Bertrand (nonfiction)|Joseph Louis François Bertrand]] dies. He worked in the fields of number theory, differential geometry, probability theory, economics and thermodynamics.
File:Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin.jpg|link=Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (nonfiction)|1900 May 10: Astronomer and astrophysicist [[Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (nonfiction)|Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin]] born. Her doctoral thesis will establish that hydrogen is the overwhelming constituent of stars, and accordingly the most abundant element in the universe.
File:Nakaya Ukichiro in 1946.jpg|link=Ukichiro Nakaya (nonfiction)|1900 Jul. 4: Physicist and academic [[Ukichiro Nakaya (nonfiction)|Ukichiro Nakaya]] born. He will create the first artificial snowflakes.
File:Max Planck 1878.gif|link=Max Planck (nonfiction)|1900 Aug. 18: [[Max Planck (nonfiction)|Max Planck]] discovers the law of black-body radiation (Planck's law).
File:Haskell Brooks Curry.jpg|link=Haskell Curry (nonfiction)|1900 Sep. 1: Mathematician and academic [[Haskell Curry (nonfiction)|Haskell Curry]] born. He will be known for his work in combinatory logic.
File:Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright.jpg|link=Mary Cartwright (nonfiction)|1900 Dec. 17: Mathematician and academic [[Mary Cartwright (nonfiction)|Mary Cartwright]] born. She will do pioneering work in what will later be called [[Chaos theory (nonfiction)|chaos theory]].
File:Hannibal Goodwin.jpg|link=Hannibal Goodwin (nonfiction)|1900 Dec. 31: Priest and inventor [[Hannibal Goodwin (nonfiction)|Hannibal Goodwin]] dies.  He invented and patented rolled celluloid photographic film.
 
File:Alfred Tarski 1968.jpg|link=Alfred Tarski (nonfiction)|1901 Jan. 14: Mathematician and philosopher [[Alfred Tarski (nonfiction)|Alfred Tarski]] born. He will be a prolific author, contributing to model theory, metamathematics, algebraic logic, abstract algebra, topology, geometry, measure theory, mathematical logic, set theory, and analytic philosophy.
File:Elisha Gray.jpg|link=|1901 Jan. 21: Electrical engineer [[Elisha Gray (nonfiction)|Elisha Gray]] dies. He did pioneering work in electrical information technologies, including the [[Telephone (nonfiction)|telephone]].
File:Enrico Fermi 1943-49.jpg|link=Enrico Fermi (nonfiction)|1901 Sep. 29: Physicist [[Enrico Fermi (nonfiction)|Enrico Fermi]] born.  He will be called the "architect of the nuclear age" and the "architect of the atomic bomb".
 
File:Charles Lindbergh.jpg|link=Charles Lindbergh (nonfiction)|1902 Feb. 4: Pilot and explorer [[Charles Lindbergh (nonfiction)|Charles Lindbergh]] born. At age 25 in 1927 he will go from obscurity as a U.S. Air Mail pilot to instantaneous world fame by making his Orteig Prize–winning nonstop flight from Long Island, New York, to Paris.
File:Walter Houser Brattain.jpg|link=Walter Houser Brattain (nonfiction)|1902 Feb. 10: Physicist and academic [[Walter Houser Brattain (nonfiction)|Walter Houser Brattain]] born. He will share the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 "for research on semiconductors and the discovery of the transistor effect."
File:Jan Tschichold (1963) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg|link=Jan Tschichold (nonfiction)|1902 Apr. 2: Graphic designer and typographer [[Jan Tschichold (nonfiction)|Jan Tschichold]] born. He will become a leading advocate of Modernist design, but later condemn Modernist design in general as being authoritarian and inherently fascistic.
File:Karl Popper.jpg|link=Karl Popper (nonfiction)|1902 Jul. 28: Philosopher and academic [[Karl Popper (nonfiction)|Karl Popper]] born. He will be known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method, in favor of empirical falsification: A theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven, but it can be falsified, meaning that it can and should be scrutinized by decisive experiments.
 
File:Electrocuting_an_Elephant.png|link=Electrocuting an Elephant (nonfiction)|1903 Jan. 17: The short film ''[[Electrocuting an Elephant (nonfiction)|Electrocuting an Elephant]]'' is released.  It documents the killing of an elephant named Topsy.
File:George Gabriel Stokes.jpg|link=Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet (nonfiction)|1903 Feb. 1:  Physicist and mathematician [[Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet (nonfiction)|Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet]] dies. He made pioneering contributions to fluid dynamics (including the Navier–Stokes equations) and to physical optics.
File:Marhall Harvey Stone Zurich 1932.jpg|link=Marshall Harvey Stone (nonfiction)|1903 Apr. 8: Mathematician [[Marshall Harvey Stone (nonfiction)|Marshall Harvey Stone]] born. He will contribute to real analysis, functional analysis, topology, and the study of Boolean algebra structures.
File:Andrey Kolmogorov.jpg|link=Andrey Kolmogorov (nonfiction)|1903 Apr. 25: Mathematician and academic [[Andrey Kolmogorov (nonfiction)|Andrey Kolmogorov]] born. He will make significant contributions to the mathematics of probability theory, topology, intuitionistic logic, turbulence, classical mechanics, algorithmic information theory and computational complexity.
File:Ruth Ella Moore.jpg|link=Ruth Ella Moore (nonfiction)|1903 May 19: Bacteriologist [[Ruth Ella Moore (nonfiction)|Ruth Ella Moore]] born. She will  publish work on tuberculosis, immunology and dental caries, the response of gut microorganisms to antibiotics, and the blood type of African-Americans.
File:Alonzo Church.jpg|link=Alonzo Church (nonfiction)|1903 Jun. 14: Mathematician and logician [[Alonzo Church (nonfiction)|Alonzo Church]] born. He will make major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science.
File:John Atanasov.gif|link=John Vincent Atanasoff (nonfiction)|1903 Oct. 4: Physicist, inventor, and academic [[John Vincent Atanasoff (nonfiction)|John Vincent Atanasoff]]. He invented the Atanasoff–Berry computer, the first electronic digital computer.
File:George Metesky.jpg|link=George Metesky (nonfiction)|1903 Nov. 2: [[George Metesky (nonfiction)|George P. Metesky]] born.  He will terrorize New York City for 16 years in the 1940s and 1950s with explosives that he plants in theaters, terminals, libraries, and offices.
File:John von Neumann.gif|link=John von Neumann (nonfiction)|1903 Dec. 28: Mathematician, physicist, and computer scientist [[John von Neumann (nonfiction)|John von Neumann]] born. He will be a key figure in the development of the digital computer, and develop mathematical models of both nuclear and thermonuclear weapons.
 
File:Walter_Heitler.jpg|link=Walter Heitler (nonfiction)|1904 Jan. 2: Physicist and chemist [[Walter Heitler (nonfiction)|Walter Heinrich Heitler]] born. He will make contributions to quantum electrodynamics and quantum field theory, bringing chemistry under quantum mechanics through his theory of valence bonding.
File:George Salmon.jpg|link=George Salmon (nonfiction)|1904 Jan. 22:  Mathematician and Anglican theologian [[George Salmon (nonfiction)|George Salmon]] dies. He worked in algebraic geometry for two decades, then devoted the last forty years of his life to theology.
File:Sir Charles Oatley.jpg|link=Charles Oatley (nonfiction)|1904 Feb. 14: Engineer and inventor [[Charles Oatley (nonfiction)|Charles William Oatley]] born. He will develop of one of the first commercial scanning electron microscopes.
File:J. Robert Oppenheimer.jpg|link=J. Robert Oppenheimer (nonfiction)|1904 Apr. 22: American physicist and academic [[J. Robert Oppenheimer (nonfiction)|J. Robert Oppenheimer]] born. His achievements in physics will include the Born–Oppenheimer approximation for molecular wavefunctions, work on the theory of electrons and positrons, the Oppenheimer–Phillips process in nuclear fusion, and the first prediction of quantum tunneling.
File:Pavel Cherenkov.jpg|link=Pavel Cherenkov (nonfiction)|1904 Jul. 28: Physicist and academic [[Pavel Cherenkov (nonfiction)|Pavel Cherenkov]] born. Cherenkov will share the 1958 Nobel Prize in physics in 1958 with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for their discovery (1934) of Cherenkov radiation.
File:Henry Whitehead.jpg|link=J. H. C. Whitehead (nonfiction)|1904 Nov. 11: Mathematician and academic [[J. H. C. Whitehead (nonfiction)|J. H. C. Whitehead]] born. During the Second World War, he will work with the codebreakers at Bletchley Park.
File:John Ambrose Fleming 1890.png|link=John Ambrose Fleming (nonfiction)|1904 Nov. 16: English engineer [[John Ambrose Fleming (nonfiction)|John Ambrose Fleming]] receives a patent for the thermionic valve (vacuum tube).
 
File:Werner Fenchel.jpg|link=Werner Fenchel (nonfiction)|1905 May 3: Mathematician and academic [[Werner Fenchel (nonfiction)|Werner Fenchel]] born. He will establish the basic results of convex analysis and nonlinear optimization theory which will, in time, serve as the foundation for nonlinear programming.
File:Albert Einstein 1921.jpg|link=Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|1905 Sep. 26: [[Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|Albert Einstein]] publishes his first paper on the special theory of relativity.
File:Albert Einstein 1921.jpg|link=Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|1905 Nov. 21: [[Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|Albert Einstein]]'s paper that leads to the mass–energy equivalence formula, E = mc², is published in the journal ''Annalen der Physik''.
File:Dalton Trumbo prison 1950.jpg|link=Dalton Trumbo (nonfiction)|1905 Dec. 9: Screenwriter and novelist [[Dalton Trumbo (nonfiction)|Dalton Trumbo]] born. He will be blacklisted for refusing testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in 1947; while blacklisted, he will win Academy Awards for two films: ''Roman Holiday'', attributed to a front author, and ''The Brave One'' under the pseudonym Robert Rich.
File:Piet Hein and H.C. Andersen.jpg|link=Piet Hein (nonfiction)|1905 Dec. 16: Mathematician, author, and poet [[Piet Hein (nonfiction)|Piet Hein]] born. He will propose the use of superellipses in architecture; superellipses will become the hallmark of modern Scandinavian architecture.
File:Howard Hughes 1940s.jpg|link=Howard Hughes (nonfiction)|1905 Dec. 24: Businessman, investor, aviator, film director, and philanthropist [[Howard Hughes (nonfiction)|Howard Hughes]] born. He will be known during his lifetime as one of the most financially successful individuals in the world.
 
File:San Francisco 1906 earthquake Post-and-Grant-Avenue.jpg|link=1906 San Francisco earthquake (nonfiction)|1906 Apr. 18: An [[1906 San Francisco earthquake (nonfiction)|earthquake and fire destroy much of San Francisco, California]].
File:Abe Reles.png|link=Abe Reles (nonfiction)|1906 May 10: New York mobster and hit man [[Abe Reles (nonfiction)|Abe Reles]] born.
File:Kurt Gödel.jpg|link=Kurt Gödel (nonfiction)|1906 Apr. 28: Mathematician, philosopher, and academic [[Kurt Gödel (nonfiction)|Kurt Gödel]] born. His two incompleteness theorems will have an immense impact upon scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century.
File:Gordon Welchman.jpg|link=Gordon Welchman (nonfiction)|1906 Jun. 15: Mathematician, cryptographer, and author [[Gordon Welchman (nonfiction)|Gordon Welchman]] born. During the Second World War, he will develop traffic analysis techniques for breaking German codes.
File:Maria Goeppert-Mayer.jpg|link=Maria Goeppert-Mayer (nonfiction)|1906 Jun. 28: Physicist and academic [[Maria Goeppert-Mayer (nonfiction)|Maria Goeppert-Mayer]] born. She will develop a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells, for which she will be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963, which she will share with J. Hans D. Jensen and Eugene Wigner.
File:Philo T Farnsworth.jpg|link=Philo Farnsworth (nonfiction)|1906 Aug. 19: Inventor [[Philo Farnsworth (nonfiction)|Philo Farnsworth]] born. He will make many crucial contributions to the early development of all-electronic television.
File:Olga Taussky-Todd.jpg|link=Olga Taussky-Todd (nonfiction)|1906 Aug. 30: Mathematician and academic [[Olga Taussky-Todd (nonfiction)|Olga Taussky-Todd]] born. She will contribute to matrix theory (in particular the computational stability of complex matrices), algebraic number theory, group theory, and numerical analysis.
 
File:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter.jpg|link=Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter (nonfiction)|1907 Feb. 9: Mathematician and academic [[Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter (nonfiction)|Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter]] born.  He will become of the greatest geometers of the 20th century.
File:Solomon Kullback.jpg|link=Solomon Kullback (nonfiction)|1907 Apr. 3: Cryptanalyst and mathematician [[Solomon Kullback (nonfiction)|Solomon Kullback]] born. Krullback will begin his career with the US Army's Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) in the 1930s; when the National Security Agency (NSA) is formed in 1952, Rowlett will become chief of cryptanalysis, overseeing the research and development of computerized cryptanalysis.
File:Richard Sharpe Shaver.jpg|link=Richard Sharpe Shaver (nonfiction)|1907 Oct. 8: Author and illustrator [[Richard Sharpe Shaver (nonfiction)|Richard Sharpe Shaver]] born. He will write stories in which he claimed that he has had personal experience of a sinister, ancient civilization that harbors fantastic technology in caverns under the earth.
File:Lord Kelvin by Hubert von Herkomer.jpg|link=William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (nonfiction)|1907 Dec. 17: [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (nonfiction)|Lord Kelvin]] dies.  He did much to unify the emerging discipline of physics in its modern form.
 
File:Edward Teller 1958.jpg|link=Edward Teller (nonfiction)|1908 Jan. 15: Theoretical physicist and academic [[Edward Teller (nonfiction)|Edward Teller]] born. He will be known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb", although he will not care for the epithet.
File:Carl Friedrich Gauss 1840 by Jensen.jpg|link=Carl Friedrich Gauss (nonfiction)|1808 Sep. 2: [[Carl Friedrich Gauss (nonfiction)|Carl Friedrich Gauss]] writes Wolfgang Bolyai: "It is not knowledge, but the act of learning, not possession but the act of getting there, which grants the greatest enjoyment."
File:Georgy Voronoy.jpg|link=Georgy Voronoy (nonfiction)|1908 Nov. 20: Mathematician [[Georgy Voronoy (nonfiction)|Georgy Voronoy]] dies. He invented what are today called [[Voronoi diagram (nonfiction)|Voronoi diagrams]] or Voronoi tessellations.
File:Claude Lévi-Strauss receiving Erasmus Prize (1973).jpg|link=Claude Lévi-Strauss (nonfiction)|1908 Nov. 28: Anthropologist and ethnologist [[Claude Lévi-Strauss (nonfiction)|Claude Lévi-Strauss]] born. His work will be key in the development of the theory of structuralism and structural anthropology.
 
File:Hermann Minkowski.jpg|link=Hermann Minkowski (nonfiction)|1909 Jan. 12: Mathematician and academic [[Hermann Minkowski (nonfiction)|Hermann Minkowski]] dies. He showed that Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity can be understood geometrically as a theory of four-dimensional space–time, since known as the "Minkowski spacetime".
File:Richard August Carl Emil Erlenmeyer.jpg|link=Emil Erlenmeyer (nonfiction)|1909 Jan. 22: Chemist and academic [[Emil Erlenmeyer (nonfiction)|Emil Erlenmeyer]] dies. He contributed to the early development of the theory of structure, formulating the Erlenmeyer rule, and designing the Erlenmeyer flask.
File:Nathan Rosen.jpg|link=Nathan Rosen (nonfiction)|1909 Mar 29: Physicist [[Nathan Rosen (nonfiction)|Nathan Rosen]] born.  He will develop the idea of the Einstein–Rosen bridge, later named the wormhole.
File:William Stanley.jpg|link=William Stanley (nonfiction)|1909 Aug. 14: Inventor, engineer, and philanthropist [[William Stanley (nonfiction)|William Stanley]] dies. He designed and manufactured precision drawing and mathematical instruments, as well as surveying instruments and telescopes.
File:Marguerite Perey.jpg|link=Marguerite Perey (nonfiction)|1909 Oct. 19: Physicist and chemist [[Marguerite Perey (nonfiction)|Marguerite Perey]] born. Perey will discover the element francium while purifying samples of lanthanum.
 
File:William Shockley.jpg|link=William Shockley (nonfiction)|1910 Feb. 13: Physicist and inventor [[William Shockley (nonfiction)|William Shockley]] born. He will share the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the [[Point-contact transistor (nonfiction)|point-contact transistor]].
File:Charles Critchfield ID badge.gif|link=Charles Critchfield (nonfiction)|1910 Jun. 7: Mathematical physicist [[Charles Critchfield (nonfiction)|Charles Critchfield]] born. He will work on the Manhattan Project, designing and testing the "Urchin" neutron initiator which provides the burst of neutrons that kick-starts the nuclear detonation of the Fat Man weapon.
File:M._S._Bartlett.png|link=M. S. Bartlett (nonfiction)|1910 Jun. 18: Statistician [[M. S. Bartlett (nonfiction)|Maurice Stevenson Bartlett]] born. Bartlett will make contributions to the analysis of data with spatial and temporal patterns, the theory of statistical inference, and multivariate analysis.
File:Konrad Zuse (1992).jpg|link=Konrad Zuse (nonfiction)|1910 Jun. 22: Engineer, inventor, and pioneering computer scientist [[Konrad Zuse (nonfiction)|Konrad Zuse]] born. He will invent the Z3, the world's first working programmable, fully automatic computer.
File:Julius Petersen.jpg|link=Julius Petersen (nonfiction)|1910 Aug 5: Mathematician [[Julius Petersen (nonfiction)|Julius Petersen]] dies.  His famous paper ''Die Theorie der regulären graphs'' is a fundamental contribution to modern graph theory.
File:Pál Turán.jpg|link=Pál Turán (nonfiction)|1910 Aug. 18: Mathematician [[Pál Turán (nonfiction)|Pál Turán]] born. He will work primarily in number theory, but also contribute to analysis and graph theory.
File:Nathan Jacobson.jpg|link=Nathan Jacobson (nonfiction)|1910 Oct. 5: Mathematician [[Nathan Jacobson (nonfiction)|Nathan Jacobson]] born. He will conduct research on the structure theory of rings without finiteness conditions--a subject closely related to the theory of algebras--which will transform the approach to classical results and break ground for solutions to problems inaccessible by previous methods.
File:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.png|link=Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (nonfiction)|1910 Oct. 18: Astrophysicist, astronomer, and mathematician [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (nonfiction)|Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] born. He will share the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars".
File:Louis Slotin.jpg|link=Louis Slotin (nonfiction)|1910 Dec. 1: Physicist [[Louis Slotin (nonfiction)|Louis Slotin]] born. He will be fatally irradiated in a criticality incident during an experiment with the demon core at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
File:Francis Galton 1850s.jpg|link=Francis Galton (nonfiction)|1911 Jan. 17: Statistician, progressive, polymath, sociologist, psychologist, anthropologist, eugenicist, tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, and psychometrician [[Francis Galton (nonfiction)|Francis Galton]] dies.
File:Sakata Shoichi.jpg|link=Shoichi Sakata (nonfiction)|1911 Jan. 18: Physicist [[Shoichi Sakata (nonfiction)|Shoichi Sakata]] born. Sakata will contribute theoretical work on the structure of the atom, proposing the Sakata model, an early precursor to the quark model. After World War II he will campaign for the peaceful uses of nuclear power.
File:Melvin Dresher.jpg|link=Melvin Dresher (nonfiction)|Mar. 13: Mathematician [[Melvin Dresher (nonfiction)|Melvin Dresher]] (Dreszer) born. He will contribute to game theory, co-developing the game theoretical model of cooperation and conflict known as the Prisoner's dilemma.
File:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes.jpg|link=Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (nonfiction)|1911 Apr. 8: Physicist [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (nonfiction)|Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] discovers superconductivity.
File:Johannes Bosscha.jpg|link=Johannes Bosscha (nonfiction)|1911 Apr. 1f: Physicist [[Johannes Bosscha (nonfiction)|Johannes Bosscha Jr.]] dies. He made important investigations on galvanic polarization and the rapidity of sound waves; he was one of the first (1855) to suggest the possibility of sending two messages simultaneously over the same wire.
File:John Archibald Wheeler 1985.jpg|link=John Archibald Wheeler (nonfiction)|1911 Jul. 9: Theoretical physicist [[John Archibald Wheeler (nonfiction)|John Archibald Wheeler]] born. He will link the term "black hole" to objects with gravitational collapse, and coin the terms "quantum foam", "neutron moderator", "wormhole" and "it from bit".
File:Klara Dan von Neumann.png|link=Klara Dan von Neumann (nonfiction)|1911 Aug. 18: Computer scientist [[Klara Dan von Neumann (nonfiction)|Klara Dan von Neumann]] born. She will be one of the world's first computer programmers and coders, solving mathematical problems using computer code.
File:George Chrystal.jpg|link=George Chrystal (nonfiction)|1911 Nov. 3: Mathematician [[George Chrystal (nonfiction)|George Chrystal]] dies. He was awarded a Gold Medal from the Royal Society of London (confirmed shortly after his death) for his studies of [[Seiche (nonfiction)|seiches]] (wave patterns in large inland bodies of water).
 
File:Joseph Lister 1902.jpg|link=Joseph Lister (nonfiction)|1912 Feb. 10: Surgeon and scientist [[Joseph Lister (nonfiction)|Joseph Lister]] dies. He pioneered antiseptic surgery, performing the first antiseptic surgery in 1865.
File:Cesare_Arzelà.jpg|link=Cesare Arzelà (nonfiction)|1912 Mar. 15: Mathematician [[Cesare Arzelà (nonfiction)|Cesare Arzelà]] dies. He contributed to the theory of functions, notably his characterization of sequences of continuous functions.
File:Glenn Seaborg.jpg|link=Glenn T. Seaborg (nonfiction)|1912 Apr. 12: Chemist [[Glenn T. Seaborg (nonfiction)|Glenn T. Seaborg]] born. He will share the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the synthesis, discovery, and investigation of transuranium elements.
File:Alan Turing (1930s).jpg|link=Alan Turing (nonfiction)|1912 Jun. 23: Computer scientist, mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and theoretical biologist [[Alan Turing (nonfiction)|Alan Turing]] born. He will be influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalization of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the [[Turing machine (nonfiction)|Turing machine]].
File:Henri Poincaré.jpg|link=Henri Poincaré (nonfiction)|1912 Jul. 17: Mathematician, physicist, and engineer [[Henri Poincaré (nonfiction)|Henri Poincaré]] dies. He made many original fundamental contributions to pure and applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and celestial mechanics.
 
File:Gustav Hahn - 1913 Great Meteor Procession.jpg|link=1913 Great Meteor Procession (nonfiction)|1913 Feb. 9: A [[1913 Great Meteor Procession (nonfiction)|group of meteors is visible across much of the eastern seaboard of North and South America]], leading astronomers to conclude the source had been a small, short-lived natural satellite of the Earth.
File:Paul Erdős.jpg|link=Paul Erdős (nonfiction)|1913 Mar. 26: Mathematician and academic [[Paul Erdős (nonfiction)|Paul Erdős]] born. He will firmly believe mathematics to be a social activity, living an itinerant lifestyle with the sole purpose of writing mathematical papers with other mathematicians.
File:Irving Adler age 75.jpg|link=Irving Adler (nonfiction)|1913 Apr. 27: Mathematician, author, activist, and academic [[Irving Adler (nonfiction)|Irving Adler]] born. He will be a plaintiff in the McCarthy-era case ''Adler vs. Board of Education''.
File:Maurice Vincent Wilkes.jpg|link=Maurice Wilkes (nonfiction)|1913 Jun. 26: Computer scientist and physicist [[Maurice Wilkes (nonfiction)|Maurice Wilkes]] born. He will pioneer several important developments in computing, including microcode, symbolic labels, macros, subroutine libraries, and timesharing.
File:Jordan Carson Mark.gif|link=J. Carson Mark (nonfiction)|1913 Jul 6: Mathematician [[J. Carson Mark (nonfiction)|Jordan Carson Mark]] born. He will oversee the development of nuclear weapons for the US military, including the hydrogen bomb in the 1950s.
File:John Hadji Argyris.jpg|link=John Argyris (nonfiction)|1913 Aug. 1913: Computer scientist, engineer, and academic [[John Argyris (nonfiction)|John Argyris]] born. A pioneer of computer applications in science and engineering, Argyris will be among the creators of the finite element method.
File:Samuel Eilenberg 1970.jpg|link=Samuel Eilenberg (nonfiction)|1913 Sep. 30: Mathematician [[Samuel Eilenberg (nonfiction)|Samuel Eilenberg]] born.  He will co-found category theory with Saunders Mac Lane, and propose the Eilenberg swindle (a construction applying the telescoping cancellation idea to projective modules).
 
File:Hanna Neumann.jpg|link=Hanna Neumann (nonfiction)|1914 Nov. 12: Mathematician and academic [[Hanna Neumann (nonfiction)|Hanna Neumann]] born. She will contribute to [[Group theory (nonfiction)|group theory]], co-authoring the important paper ''Wreath products and varieties of groups'' (with her husband Bernhard and eldest son Peter), and authoring the influential book ''Varieties of Groups''.
File:Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich postage stamp.jpg|link=Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich (nonfiction)|1914 Mar. 8: Physicist, astronomer, and cosmologist [[Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich (nonfiction)|Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich]] born. He will play a crucial role in the development of the Soviet Union's nuclear bomb project, studying the effects of nuclear explosions.
File:Dorothy Lewis Bernstein.jpg|link=Dorothy Lewis Bernstein (nonfiction)|1914 Apr. 11: Mathematician [[Dorothy Lewis Bernstein (nonfiction)|Dorothy Lewis Bernstein]] born. She will be the first woman to be elected president of the Mathematics Association of America.
File:Charles Sanders Peirce in 1859.jpg|link=Charles Sanders Peirce (nonfiction)|1914 Apr. 19: Mathematician and philosopher [[Charles Sanders Peirce (nonfiction)|Charles Sanders Peirce]] dies. He is remembered as "the father of pragmatism".
File:Franck Hertz Hg tube.jpg|link=Franck–Hertz experiment (nonfiction)|1914 Apr. 24: The [[Franck–Hertz experiment (nonfiction)|Franck–Hertz experiment]], a pillar of quantum mechanics, is presented to the German Physical Society.
File:James Van Allen.jpg|link=James Van Allen (nonfiction)|1914 Sep. 7: Physicist and philosopher [[James Van Allen (nonfiction)|James Van Allen]] born. The Van Allen radiation belts will be named after him, following their discovery by his Geiger–Müller tube instruments aboard satellites in 1958.
File:Martin Gardner.jpg|link=Martin Gardner (nonfiction)|1914 Oct. 21: Mathematics and science writer [[Martin Gardner (nonfiction)|Martin Gardner]] born.  His interests will include stage magic, scientific skepticism, philosophy, religion, and literature.
 
File:André_Lichnerowicz.jpg|link=André Lichnerowicz (nonfiction)|1915 Jan. 21: Physicist and mathematician [[André Lichnerowicz (nonfiction)|André Lichnerowicz]] born. He will work in differential geometry and mathematical physics.
File:Robert Hofstadter.jpg|link=Robert Hofstadter (nonfiction)|1915 Feb. 5: Physicist and academic [[Robert Hofstadter (nonfiction)|Robert Hofstadter]] born. He will share the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics (together with [[Rudolf Mössbauer (nonfiction)|Rudolf Mössbauer]]) "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his consequent discoveries concerning the structure of nucleons".
File:Albert Einstein 1921.jpg|link=Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|1915 Mar. 15: Theoretical physicist [[Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|Albert Einstein]] publishes his general theory of relativity.
File:Kodaira Kunihiko.jpg|link=Kunihiko Kodaira (nonfiction)|1915 Mar. 16: Mathematician and academic [[[[Kunihiko Kodaira (nonfiction)|Kunihiko Kodaira]]]] born. He will do distinguished work in algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, winning the Fields medal in 1954.
File:Paul Lorenzen.jpg|link=Paul Lorenzen (nonfiction)|1915 Mar. 24: Mathematician and philosopher [[Paul Lorenzen (nonfiction)|Paul Lorenzen]] born. He will found the Erlangen School (with Wilhelm Kamlah), and invent game semantics (with Kuno Lorenz).
File:Albert Einstein 1921.jpg|link=Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|1915 May 20: [[Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|Albert Einstein]] publishes his general theory of relativity.
John_Tukey.jpg|link=John Tukey (nonfiction)|1915 Jun. 16: Mathematician and academic [[John Tukey (nonfiction)|John Tukey]] born. He will make important contributions to statistical analysis, including the box plot.
File:Nicholas Metropolis.png|link=Nicholas Metropolis (nonfiction)|1915 Jun. 11: Mathematician and physicist [[Nicholas Metropolis (nonfiction)|Nicholas Metropolis]] born. He will lead the team of researchers which will develop the Monte Carlo method.
File:Norman F. Ramsey Jr.jpg|link=Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. (nonfiction)|1915 Aug. 27: Physicist [[Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. (nonfiction)|Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.]] born.  He will be awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the separated oscillatory field method, which will have important applications in the construction of atomic clocks.
File:Clifford Shull 1949.jpg|link=Clifford Shull (nonfiction)|1915 Sep. 23: Physicist and academic [[Clifford Shull (nonfiction)|Clifford Shull]] born. He will share the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics with Bertram Brockhouse for the development of the neutron scattering technique.
 
File:John Crank.jpg|link=John Crank (nonfiction)|1916 Feb. 6: Mathematician and physicist [[John Crank (nonfiction)|John Crank]] born. He will work on the numerical solution of partial differential equations; his work with Phyllis Nicolson on the heat equation will result in the Crank–Nicolson method.
File:Richard Dedekind.jpg|link=Richard Dedekind (nonfiction)|1916 Feb. 12: Mathematician, philosopher, and academic [[Richard Dedekind (nonfiction)|Richard Dedekind]] dies. He made important contributions to abstract algebra (particularly ring theory), algebraic number theory and the definition of the real numbers.
File:Paul Halmos.jpg|link=Paul Halmos (nonfiction)|1916 Mar. 3: Mathematician and academic [[Paul Halmos (nonfiction)|Paul Halmos]] born. He will make fundamental advances in the areas of mathematical logic, probability theory, statistics, operator theory, ergodic theory, and functional analysis (in particular, Hilbert spaces).
File:Claude Shannon.jpg|link=Claude Shannon (nonfiction)|1916 Apr. 30: Mathematician, engineer, and information scientist [[Claude Shannon (nonfiction)|Claude Shannon]] born. He will be  known as "the father of information theory".
File:Robert F. Christy Los Alamos ID.png|link=Robert F. Christy (nonfiction)|1916 May 4: Physicist and astrophysicist [[Robert F. Christy (nonfiction)|Robert F. Christy]] born.  He will be credited with the insight that a solid sub-critical mass of plutonium can be explosively compressed into supercriticality, a great simplification of earlier concepts of implosion requiring hollow shells.
 
File:C. Wright Mills.jpg|link=C. Wright Mills (nonfiction)|1916 Aug. 28: Sociologist and author [[C. Wright Mills (nonfiction)|C. Wright Mills]] born. He will be published widely in popular and intellectual journals, advocating public and political engagement over disinterested observation.
 
File:Pierre Duhem.jpg|link=Pierre Duhem (nonfiction)|1916 Sep. 14: Physicist, mathematician, and historian [[Pierre Duhem (nonfiction)|Pierre Duhem]] dies. He wrote: "A theory of physics is not an explanation. It is a system of mathematical propositions, deduced from a small number of principles, which have for their aim to represent as simply, as completely and as exactly as possible, a group of experimental laws."
File:Jack London 1903.jpg|link=Jack London (nonfiction)|1916 Nov. 22: Author [[Jack London (nonfiction)|Jack London]] dies. He was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone.
 
File:Graham Higman.jpg|link=Graham Higman (nonfiction)|1917 Jan. 19: Mathematician [[Graham Higman (nonfiction)|Graham Higman]] born. In mathematics, Higman will contribute to group theory. During the Second World War he will be a conscientious objector, working at the Meteorological Office in Northern Ireland and Gibraltar.
File:Betty Holberton.jpg|link=Betty Holberton (nonfiction)|1917 Mar. 7: Pioneering computer scientist and programmer [[Betty Holberton (nonfiction)|Betty Holberton]] born. She will be one of the six original programmers of ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, and the inventor of breakpoints in computer debugging.
File:Myoglobin John Kendrew.jpg|link=John Kendrew (nonfiction)|1917 Mar. 24: Biochemist and crystallographer [[John Kendrew (nonfiction)|John Kendrew]] born.  He will share the 1962 Nobel Prize for chemistry with Max Perutz for determining the atomic structures of proteins using X-ray crystallography.
File:W._T._Tutte.jpg|link=W. T. Tutte|1917 May 14: Mathematician, codebreaker, and academic [[W. T. Tutte (nonfiction)|W. T. Tutte]] born. During the Second World War, he will make a brilliant and fundamental advance in cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, a major Nazi German cipher system.
File:John F. Kennedy moon mission speech.jpg|link=John F. Kennedy (nonfiction)|1917 May 29: Politician [[John F. Kennedy (nonfiction)|John F. Kennedy]], 35th President of the United States, born.
File:Georg Frobenius.jpg|link=Ferdinand Georg Frobenius (nonfiction)|1917 Aug. 3: Mathematician and academic [[Ferdinand Georg Frobenius (nonfiction)|Ferdinand Georg Frobenius]] dies. He made contributions to the theory of elliptic functions, differential equations, and group theory.
File:Derek Taunt.jpg|link=Derek Taunt (nonfiction)|1917 Nov. 16: Mathematician [[Derek Taunt (nonfiction)|Derek Taunt]] born. He will work as a codebreaker at Bletchley Park during World War II. Taunt will be assigned to Hut 6, the section in charge of decrypting German Army and Air Force Enigma signals. After his wartime work, he will return to Cambridge, and work on group theory.
 
File:Georg Cantor 1894.png|link=Georg Cantor (nonfiction)|1918 Jan. 6: Mathematician and philosopher [[Georg Cantor (nonfiction)|Georg Cantor]] dies.  He invented [[Set theory (nonfiction)|set theory]], a fundamental area of mathematical inquiry.
File:Charles-Émile Reynaud.jpg|link=Charles-Émile Reynaud (nonfiction)|1918 Jan. 9: Scientist, inventor, and educator [[Charles-Émile Reynaud (nonfiction)|Charles-Émile Reynaud]] dies. He invented the Praxinoscope (an improved zoetrope) and was responsible for the first projected animated films.
File:E. Howard Hunt.jpg|link=E. Howard Hunt (nonfiction)|1918 Oct. 9: CIA officer and author [[E. Howard Hunt (nonfiction)|E. Howard Hunt]] born. Along with G. Gordon Liddy, Hunt will plot the [[Watergate scandal (nonfiction)|Watergate burglaries and other undercover operations for the Nixon administration]].
File:Aleksandr Ljapunov.jpg|link=Aleksandr Lyapunov (nonfiction)|1918 Nov. 3: Mathematician and physicist [[Aleksandr Lyapunov (nonfiction)|Aleksandr Lyapunov]] dies. Lyapunov contributed to several fields, including differential equations, potential theory, dynamical systems and probability theory. His main preoccupations were the stability of equilibria and the motion of mechanical systems, and the study of particles under the influence of gravity.
File:Madeleine L'Engle.jpg|link=Madeleine L'Engle (nonfiction)|1918 Nov. 29: Writer [[Madeleine L'Engle (nonfiction)|Madeleine L'Engle]] born. She will write the Newbery Medal-winning ''A Wrinkle in Time'' and its sequels.
 
File:Arthur Stanley Eddington.jpg|link=Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|1919 May 29: [[Arthur Eddington (nonfiction)|Arthur Eddington]] and Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin view a solar eclipse as a test of [[Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|Einstein's theory of general relativity.
File:Henriette_Avram.jpg|link=Henriette Avram (nonfiction)|1919 Oct. 7: Computer scientist and academic [[Henriette Avram (nonfiction)|Henriette Avram]] born. She will develope the MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging) format, the international data standard for bibliographic and holdings information in libraries.
File:George E P Box.jpg|link=George E. P. Box (nonfiction)|1919 Oct. 18: Statistician and educator [[George E. P. Box (nonfiction)|George E. P. Box]] born. He will be called "one of the great statistical minds of the 20th century".
File:Gerhard Ringel surfing.jpg|link=Gerhard Ringel (nonfiction)|1919 Oct. 28: Mathematician and academic [[Gerhard Ringel (nonfiction)|Gerhard Ringel]] born. Ringel will be a pioneer of graph theory and contribute significantly to the proof of the Heawood conjecture (later the Ringel-Youngs theorem), a mathematical problem closely linked with the Four color theorem.
File:Curt Meyer.jpg|link=Curt Meyer (nonfiction)|1919 Nov. 19: Mathematician [[Curt Meyer (nonfiction)|Curt Meyer]] born. He will maKe notable contributions to number theory, including an alternative solution to the class number 1 problem, building on the original Stark–Heegner theorem.
File:Clyde Cowan.jpg|link=Clyde Cowan (nonfiction)|1919 Dec. 6: Physicist [[Clyde Cowan (nonfiction)|Clyde Cowan]] born. Cowan, along with Frederick Reines, will discover the neutrino in 1956; Reines will receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 in both their names.
 
File:Isaac Asimov.jpg|link=Isaac Asimov (nonfiction)|1920 Jan. 2: Writer [[Isaac Asimov (nonfiction)|Isaac Asimov]] born. He will be considered one of the "Big Three" science fiction writers during his lifetime.
File:Moritz Benedikt Cantor.jpg|link=Moritz Cantor (nonfiction)|1920 Apr. 10: Mathematician and historian [[Moritz Cantor (nonfiction)|Moritz Cantor]] dies. He wrote ''Vorlesungen über Geschichte der Mathematik'', which traces the history of mathematics up to 1799.
File:Srinivasa_Ramanujan.jpg|link=Srinivasa Ramanujan (nonfiction)|1920 Apr. 26: Mathematician and theorist [[Srinivasa Ramanujan (nonfiction)|Srinivasa Ramanujan]] dies. He made substantial contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions, including solutions to mathematical problems considered to be unsolvable.
File:Gordon Gould.jpg|link=Gordon Gould (nonfiction)|1920 Jul. 17: Physicist and academic [[Gordon Gould (nonfiction)|Gordon Gould]] born. He will invent and name the laser.
File:Rosalind Franklin.jpg|link=Rosalind Franklin (nonfiction)|1920 Jul 25: Chemist and X-ray crystallographer [[Rosalind Franklin (nonfiction)|Rosalind Franklin]] born. She will make contributions to the discovery of the molecular structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
File:George Tooker.jpg|link=George Tooker (nonfiction)|1920 Aug. 5: Artist [[George Tooker (nonfiction)|George Tooker]]  born.  His paintings will depict his subjects naturally, as in a photograph, but the images will use flat tones, an ambiguous perspective, and alarming juxtapositions to suggest an imagined or dreamed reality.
File:Ray Bradbury 1959.jpg|link=Ray Bradbury (nonfiction)|1920 Aug. 22: Science fiction writer and screenwriter [[Ray Bradbury (nonfiction)|Ray Bradbury]] born.  ''The New York Times'' will call Bradbury "the writer most responsible for bringing modern science fiction into the literary mainstream".
File:Philip G. Hodge.jpg|link=Philip G. Hodge (nonfiction)|1920 Nov. 9: Materials engineer and academic [[Philip G. Hodge (nonfiction)|Philip G. Hodge]] born. He will study the mechanics of elastic and plastic behavior of materials, contributing to plasticity theory including developments in the method of characteristics, limit-analysis, piecewise linear isotropic plasticity, and nonlinear programming applications.
 
File:Akiva Yaglom.jpg|link=Akiva Yaglom (nonfiction)|1921 Mar. 4: Physicist, mathematician, statistician, and meteorologist [[Akiva Yaglom (nonfiction)|Akiva Yaglom]] born. He will contribute to statistical turbulence theory and random process theory.
File:Harry Daghlian.gif|link=Harry Daghlian (nonfiction)|1921 May 4: Physicist [[Harry Daghlian (nonfiction)|Harry Daghlian]] born.  He will be fatally irradiated in a criticality accident during an experiment with the Demon core at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
File:Tom Kilburn.jpg|link=Tom Kilburn (nonfiction)|1921 Aug. 11: Mathematician and computer scientist [[Tom Kilburn (nonfiction)|Tom Kilburn]] born. Over the course of a productive 30-year career, he will be involved in the development of five computers of great historical significance.
File:Niels Bohr.jpg|link=Niels Bohr (nonfiction)|1921 Oct. 18: [[Niels Bohr (nonfiction)|Niels Bohr]] introduced his quantum model of the atom.
File:Henrietta Swan Leavitt.jpg|link=Henrietta Swan Leavitt (nonfiction)|1921 Dec. 12: Astronomer [[Henrietta Swan Leavitt (nonfiction)|Henrietta Swan Leavitt]] dies. She discovered the relation between the luminosity and the period of Cepheid variable stars.
File:Max_Noether_(between_1870_and_1875).jpg|link=Max Noether (nonfiction)|1921 Dec. 13: Mathematician [[Max Noether (nonfiction)|Max Noether]] dies. Noether contributed to algebraic geometry and the theory of algebraic functions. He was the father of mathematician Emmy Noether.
 
File:Hing Tong.jpg|link=Hing Tong (nonfiction)|1922 Feb. 16: Mathematician [[Hing Tong (nonfiction)|Hing Tong]] born. He will provide the original proof of the Katetov–Tong insertion theorem.
File:Jacobus Kapteyn.jpg|link=Jacobus Kapteyn (nonfiction)|1922 Jun. 18: Astronomer and academic [[Jacobus Kapteyn (nonfiction)|Jacobus Kapteyn]] dies. Kapteyn conducted extensive studies of the Milky Way using photography and statistical methods to determine the motions and distribution of stars, discovering evidence for galactic rotation.
File:Alexander Graham Bell.jpg|link=Alexander Graham Bell (nonfiction)|1922 Aug. 2:  Engineer, inventor, and academic [[Alexander Graham Bell (nonfiction)|Alexander Graham Bell]] dies. He patented the telephone in 1876.
File:Imre Lakatos.jpg|link=Imre Lakatos (nonfiction)|1922 Nov. 9: Mathematician, philosopher, and academic [[Imre Lakatos (nonfiction)|Imre Lakatos]] born. He will be known for his thesis of the fallibility of mathematics and its 'methodology of proofs and refutations' in its pre-axiomatic stages of development.
 
File:Joseph Weizenbaum.jpg|link=Joseph Weizenbaum (nonfiction)|1923 Jan. 8:  Computer scientist [[Joseph Weizenbaum (nonfiction)|Joseph Weizenbaum]] born. He will become one of the fathers of modern artificial intelligence.
File:Johannes Diderik van der Waals.jpg|link=Johannes Diderik van der Waals (nonfiction)|1923 Mar. 8: Theoretical physicist and academic [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals (nonfiction)|Johannes Diderik van der Waals]] dies. He won the 1910 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids.
File:Ruy Barbosa 1907.jpg|link=Rui Barbosa (nonfiction)|1923 Mar. 1: Polymath, diplomat, jurist, and politician [[Rui Barbosa (nonfiction)|Rui Barbosa]] born.  He will authorize the destruction of most government records relating to slavery, "erasing the stain" of slavery on Brazilian history, yet preventing any possible indemnization of the former slave-owners.
File:Walter Kohn.jpg|link=Walter Kohn (nonfiction)|1923 Mar. 9: Theoretical physicist, theoretical chemist, and Nobel laureate [[Walter Kohn (nonfiction)|Walter Kohn]] born. He will develop density functional theory, which will make it possible to calculate quantum mechanical electronic structure by equations involving the electronic density.
File:James Dewar.jpg|link=James Dewar (nonfiction)|1923 Mar. 27: Chemist and physicist [[James Dewar (nonfiction)|James Dewar]] dies. He invented the vacuum flask, which he used in conjunction with extensive research into the liquefaction of gases.
File:George Spencer-Browne.jpg|link=George Spencer-Brown (nonfiction)|1923 Apr. 2: Polymath [[George Spencer-Brown (nonfiction)|George Spencer-Brown]] born. He will write ''Laws of Form'', calling it the "primary algebra" and the "calculus of indications".
File:John Venn.jpg|link=John Venn (nonfiction)|1923 Apr. 4: Mathematician and philosopher [[John Venn (nonfiction)|John Venn]] dies. He invented the Venn diagram, now widely used set theory, probability, logic, statistics, and computer science.
File:Armand Borel.jpg|link=Armand Borel (nonfiction)|1923 May 21: Mathematician and academic [[Armand Borel (nonfiction)|Armand Borel]] born. He will work in algebraic topology, and in the theory of Lie groups, contributing to the creation of the contemporary theory of linear algebraic groups.
File:Lloyd Shapley (1980).jpg|link=Lloyd Shapley (nonfiction)|1923 Jun. 2:  Mathematician and economist [[Lloyd Shapley (nonfiction)|Lloyd Shapley]] born. He will define game theory as "a mathematical study of conflict and cooperation."
File:Igor Shafarevich.jpg|link=Igor Shafarevich (nonfiction)|1923 Jun. 3: Mathematician and dissident [[Igor Shafarevich (nonfiction)|Igor Shafarevich]] born. He will make fundamental contributions to algebraic number theory, algebraic geometry, and arithmetic algebraic geometry.
File:Vilfredo Pareto 1870s.jpg|link=Vilfredo Pareto (nonfiction)|1923 Aug. 19: Engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist, and philosopher [[Vilfredo Pareto (nonfiction)|Vilfredo Pareto]] dies.  He applied mathematics to economic analysis, asserting that the distribution of incomes and wealth in society is not random and that a consistent pattern appears throughout history, in all parts of the world and in all societies.
File:Charles Proteus Steinmetz.jpg|link=Charles Proteus Steinmetz (nonfiction)|1923 Oct. 26: Mathematician and electrical engineer [[Charles Proteus Steinmetz (nonfiction)|Charles Proteus Steinmetz]] dies. He fostered the development of alternating current, formulating mathematical theories which advanced the expansion of the electric power industry in the United States.
 
File:Georg Hermann Quincke.jpg|link=Georg Hermann Quincke (nonfiction)|1924 Jan. 13: Physicist and academic [[Georg Hermann Quincke (nonfiction)|Georg Hermann Quincke]] dies. He conducted prolonged research on the influence of electric forces upon the constants of different forms of matter, modifying the dissociation hypothesis of Clausius.
File:John Backus.jpg|link=John Backus (nonfiction)|1924 Mar. 3: Mathematician and computer scientist [[John Backus (nonfiction)|John Backus]] born. He will invent the Backus–Naur form (BNF) notation to define formal language syntax.
File:Harry Lehmann.jpg|link=Harry Lehmann (nonfiction)|1924 Mar. 21: Physicist [[Harry Lehmann (nonfiction)|Harry Lehmann]] born. He will contribute to the LSZ reduction formula and the Källén–Lehmann spectral representation.
File:John Ashworth Nelder.jpg|link=John Nelder (nonfiction)|1924 Oct. 8: Mathematician and statistician [[John Nelder (nonfiction)|John Nelder]] born. He will contribute to experimental design, analysis of variance, computational statistics, and statistical theory. He will also be responsible, with Max Nicholson and James Ferguson-Lees, for debunking the [[Hastings Rarities (nonfiction)|Hastings Rarities]].
 
File:Carl Gottfried Neumann.jpg|link=Carl Gottfried Neumann (nonfiction)|1925 Mar. 27: Mathematician [[Carl Gottfried Neumann (nonfiction)|Carl Gottfried Neumann]] dies. He will studied physics with his father, and later worked as a mathematician, dealing almost exclusively with problems arising from physics.
File:Alexander Shulgin 2009.jpg|link=Alexander Shulgin (nonfiction)|1925 Jun. 17: Pharmacologist and chemist [[Alexander Shulgin (nonfiction)|Alexander Shulgin]] born. He will discover, synthesize, and personally bioassay over 230 psychoactive compounds for their psychedelic and entactogenic potential.
File:Gottlob Frege.jpg|link=Gottlob Frege (nonfiction)|1925 Jul. 26: Mathematician, logician, and philosopher [[Gottlob Frege (nonfiction)|Gottlob Frege]] dies. Though largely ignored during his lifetime, his work influenced later generations of logicians and philosophers.
File:Martin David Kruskal.jpg|link=David Kruskal (nonfiction)|1925 Sep. 28: Physicist and mathematician [[Martin David Kruskal (nonfiction)|Martin David Kruskal]] born. He will make fundamental contributions in many areas of mathematics and science, including the discovery and theory of solitons.
File:John Logie Baird 1917.jpg|link=John Logie Baird (nonfiction)|1925 Oct. 30: Engineer and inventor [[John Logie Baird (nonfiction)|John Logie Baird]] creates Britain's first television transmitter.
 
File:Abdus Salam 1987.jpg|link=Abdus Salam (nonfiction)|1926 Jan. 29: Theoretical physicist [[Abdus Salam (nonfiction)|Mohammad Abdus Salam]] born. He will share the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics with Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg for his contribution to the electroweak unification theory.
File:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove.jpg|link=Fay Ajzenberg-Selove (nonfiction)|1926 Feb. 13: Nuclear physicist [[Fay Ajzenberg-Selove (nonfiction)|Fay Ajzenberg-Selove]] born. She will do important experimental work in nuclear spectroscopy of light elements, authoring annual reviews of the energy levels of light atomic nuclei.
File:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes.jpg|link=Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (nonfiction)|1926 Feb. 21: Physicist and academic [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (nonfiction)|Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] dies. He received widespread recognition for his work, including the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics for (in the words of the committee) "his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, ''inter alia'', to the production of liquid helium".
File:Charles Lindbergh.jpg|link=File:Charles Lindbergh.jpg|link=Charles Lindbergh (nonfiction)|1926 Apr. 13: [[Charles Lindbergh (nonfiction)|Charles Lindbergh]] executes the Post Office Department's Oath of Mail Messengers.
File:Charles Lindbergh.jpg|link=File:Charles Lindbergh.jpg|link=Charles Lindbergh (nonfiction)|1926 Apr. 15: [[Charles Lindbergh (nonfiction)|Charles Lindbergh]] opens service on the newly designated 278-mile (447 km) Contract Air Mail Route #2 (CAM-2) to provide service between St. Louis and Chicago (Maywood Field) with two intermediate stops in Springfield and Peoria, Illinois.
File:George_Brecht.jpg|link=George Brecht (nonfiction)|1926 Aug. 27: Chemist and composer [[George Brecht (nonfiction)|George Brecht]] born. He will be a conceptual artist and avant-garde composer, as well as a professional chemist who will work as a consultant for companies including Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, and Mobil Oil.
 
File:Marion Tinsley.jpg|link=Marion Tinsley (nonfiction)|1927 Feb. 3: Mathematician and checkers player [[Marion Tinsley (nonfiction)|Marion Tinsley]] born. Tinsley will be "to checkers what Leonardo da Vinci was to science, what Michelangelo was to art and what Beethoven was to music."
File:David Wheeler.jpg|link=David Wheeler (nonfiction)|1927 Feb. 9: Computer scientist and academic [[David Wheeler (nonfiction)|David Wheeler]] born. He will contribute to the development of the Electronic delay storage automatic calculator (EDSAC) and the Burrows–Wheeler transform (BWT); help develop the subroutine; and will give the first explanation of how to design software libraries.
File:William C. Davidon.jpg|link=William C. Davidon (nonfiction)|1927 Mar. 18: Physicist, mathematician, and activist [[William C. Davidon (nonfiction)|William C. Davidon]] born. He will develop the first quasi-Newton algorithm, now known as the Davidon–Fletcher–Powell formula.
File:Mendel Sachs.jpg|link=Mendel Sachs (nonfiction)|1927 Apr. 13: Theoretical physicist [[Mendel Sachs (nonfiction)|Mendel Sachs]] born. His work will include the proposal of a unified field theory that brings together the weak force, strong force, electromagnetism, and gravity.
File:Charles Lindbergh.jpg|link=Charles Lindbergh (nonfiction)|1927 May 21: [[Charles Lindbergh (nonfiction)|Charles Lindbergh]] touches down at Le Bourget Field in Paris, completing the world's first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.
File:Erik Ivar Fredholm.jpg|link=Erik Ivar Fredholm (nonfiction)|1927 Aug. 17: Mathematician [[Erik Ivar Fredholm (nonfiction)|Erik Ivar Fredholm]] dies. He introduced and analyzed a class of integral equations now called Fredholm equations. Fredholm's work on integral equations and operator theory anticipated the theory of Hilbert spaces.
File:Philo T Farnsworth.jpg|link=Philo Farnsworth (nonfiction)|1927 Sep. 7: The first fully electronic television system is achieved by inventor [[Philo Farnsworth (nonfiction)|Philo Farnsworth]].
 
File:Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.jpg|link=Hendrik Lorentz (nonfiction)|1928 Feb. 4: Physicist and academic [[Hendrik Lorentz (nonfiction)|Hendrik Lorentz]] dies. He shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect.
File:Gerald Bull 1964.jpg|link=Gerald  Bull (nonfiction)|1928 Mar. 9:  Engineer [[Gerald  Bull (nonfiction)|Gerald  Bull]] born. He will attempt to build artillery guns capable of launching satellites into orbit.
File:Charles Lindbergh.jpg|link=Charles Lindbergh|1928 Mar. 21: [[Charles Lindbergh (nonfiction)|Charles Lindbergh]] is presented with the Medal of Honor for the first solo trans-Atlantic flight.
File:Alexander Grothendieck.jpg|link=Alexander Grothendieck (nonfiction)|1928 Mar. 28: Mathematician and theorist [[Alexander Grothendieck (nonfiction)|Alexander Grothendieck]] born. He will become the leading figure in the creation of modern algebraic geometry.
File:Pineapple Primary.jpg|link=Pineapple Primary (nonfiction)|1928 Apr. 10: The [[Pineapple Primary (nonfiction)|Pineapple Primary]] in Illinois, the culmination of a political campaign which was marked by numerous acts of violence, mostly in Chicago and elsewhere in Cook County. In the six months prior to the primary election, 62 bombings took place in the city, and at least two politicians were killed.
File:Eugene Shoemaker.jpg|link=Eugene Merle Shoemaker (nonfiction)|1928 Apr. 28: Geologist and astronomer [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker (nonfiction)|Eugene Merle Shoemaker]] born. Shoemaker will be the first scientist to conclude that Barringer Meteor Crater in Arizona, and similar craters, were caused by meteor impact.
File:Jacques-Louis Lions.jpg|link=Jacques-Louis Lions (nonfiction)|1928 May 3: Mathematician [[Jacques-Louis Lions (nonfiction)|Jacques-Louis Lions]] born.  He will make contributions to the theory of partial differential equations and to stochastic control.
File:Bertram Kostant.jpg|link=Bertram Kostant (nonfiction)|1928 May 24: Mathematician [[Bertram Kostant (nonfiction)|Bertram Kostant]] born. He will be one of the principal developers of the theory of geometric quantization.
File:Vera Rubin.jpg|link=Vera Rubin (nonfiction)|1928 Jul. 23: Astronomer and academic [[Vera Rubin (nonfiction)|Vera Rubin]] born. She will discover the discrepancy between the predicted angular motion of galaxies and the observed motion, by studying galactic rotation curves.
File:Philo T Farnsworth.jpg|link=Philo Farnsworth (nonfiction)|1928 Sep. 23: Inventor [[Philo Farnsworth (nonfiction)|Philo Farnsworth]] demonstrates his electronic television system to the press.
File:Hans Weinberger.jpg|link=Hans Weinberger (nonfiction)|1928 Sep. 27: Mathematician and academic [[Hans Weinberger (nonfiction)|Hans F. Weinberger]] born. He will contribute to variational methods for eigenvalue problems, partial differential equations, and fluid dynamics.
 
File:Agner Krarup Erlang.jpg|link=Agner Krarup Erlang (nonfiction)|1929 Feb. 3: Mathematician and engineer [[Agner Krarup Erlang (nonfiction)|Agner Krarup Erlang]] dies. He invented the fields of traffic engineering, queueing theory, and telephone networks analysis.
File:Arthur Scherbius.jpg|link=Arthur Scherbius (nonfiction)|1929 May 13: Electrical engineer and inventor [[Arthur Scherbius (nonfiction)|Arthur Scherbius]] dies. He invented and patented the famous mechanical cipher Enigma machine.
 
File:Rabbi Dr. Eliezer (Leon) Ehrenpreis.jpg|link=Leon Ehrenpreis (nonfiction)|1930 May 22: Mathematician, academic, and rabbi [[Leon Ehrenpreis (nonfiction)|Eliezer 'Leon' Ehrenpreis]] born. He will prove the Malgrange–Ehrenpreis theorem, the fundamental theorem about differential operators with constant coefficients.
File:Kurt Gödel.jpg|link=Kurt Gödel (nonfiction)|1930 Sep. 7: Mathematician [[Kurt Gödel (nonfiction)|Kurt Godel]] announced his famous Incompleteness Theorem -- that there are true but unprovable statements in arithmetic -- in a discussion on the foundations of mathematics organized by the Vienna Circle.
File:Robin Farquharson.jpg|link=Robin Farquharson (nonfiction)|1930 Oct. 3: Mathematician [[Robin Farquharson (nonfiction)|Robin Farquharson]] born. He will write an influential analysis of voting systems in his doctoral thesis, later published as ''Theory of Voting''.
File:Hugh Everett III.jpg|link=Hugh Everett III (nonfiction)|1930 Nov. 11: Physicist [[Hugh Everett III (nonfiction)|Hugh Everett III]] born. He will propose the many-worlds interpretation (MWI) of quantum physics.
 
File:Charles Algernon Parsons.jpg|link=Charles Algernon Parsons (nonfiction)|1931 Feb. 11: Engineer and inventor [[Charles Algernon Parsons (nonfiction)|Charles Algernon Parsons]] dies. He invented the compound steam turbine, and worked on dynamo and turbine design, power generation, and optical equipment for searchlights and telescopes.
File:Auguste Piccard.jpg|link=Auguste Piccard (nonfiction)|1931 May 27: Physicist and explorer [[Auguste Piccard (nonfiction)|Auguste Piccard]] and his assistant Paul Kipfer take off from Augsburg, Germany in their high-altitude balloon, reaching a record altitude of 15,781 m (51,775 ft). During the flight, Piccard gathers data on the upper atmosphere, including cosmic ray measurements.
File:Herbert Wilf.jpg|link=Herbert Wilf (nonfiction)|1931 Jun. 13: Mathematician and academic [[Herbert Wilf (nonfiction)|Herbert Saul Wilf]] born. Wilf specialized in combinatorics and graph theory.
File:Tullio Regge.jpg|link=Tullio Regge (nonfiction)|1931 Jul. 11: Physicist and academic [[Tullio Regge (nonfiction)|Tullio Regge]] born.  He and G. Ponzano will develop a quantum version of Regge calculus in three space-time dimensions now known as the Ponzano-Regge model; this will be the first of a whole series of state sum models for quantum gravity known as spin foam models.
File:Thomas Edison.jpg|link=Thomas Edison (nonfiction)|1931 Oct. 18: Inventor, engineer, and businessman [[Thomas Edison (nonfiction)|Thomas Edison]] dies. He developed the light bulb and the phonograph, among other inventions.
 
File:Shoshichi Kobayashi.jpg|link=Shoshichi Kobayashi (nonfiction)|1932 Jan. 4: Mathematician and academic [[Shoshichi Kobayashi (nonfiction)|Shoshichi Kobayashi]] born. He will work on Riemannian and complex manifolds, transformation groups of geometric structures, and Lie algebras.
File:Umberto Eco 1984.jpg|link=Umberto Eco (nonfiction)|1932 Jan. 5: Novelist, literary critic, and philosopher [[Umberto Eco (nonfiction)|Umberto Eco]] born. He will cite James Joyce and Jorge Luis Borges as the two modern authors who will have influenced his work the most.
File:George_Eastman.jpg|link=George Eastman (nonfiction)|1932 Mar. 14: [[George Eastman (nonfiction)|George Eastman]] dies. He founded the Eastman Kodak Company and popularized the use of roll film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream.
File:Amelia Earhart standing under nose of her Lockheed Model 10-E Electral.jpg|link=Amelia Earhart (nonfiction)|1932 May 20: [[Amelia Earhart (nonfiction)|Amelia Earhart]] departs Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, in her Lockheed Vega on her solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic. After a flight lasting 14 hours, 56 minutes, Earhart lands in Northern Ireland, making her the second person (after Charles Lindbergh) to fly nonstop and alone across the Atlantic.File:Amelia Earhart standing under nose of her Lockheed Model 10-E Electral.jpg|link=Amelia Earhart (nonfiction)|1932 May 21: [[Amelia Earhart (nonfiction)|Amelia Earhart]] completes her solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic when bad weather forces her to land in Derry, Northern Ireland, after a flight lasting 14 hours, 56 minutes. Earhart is the second person (after Charles Lindbergh) to fly nonstop and alone across the Atlantic.
File:Bonus marchers.gif|link=Bonus Army (nonfiction)|1932 Jul. 20: In Washington, D.C., police fire tear gas on World War I veterans, part of the [[Bonus Army (nonfiction)|Bonus Expeditionary Force]], who attempt to march to the White House.
File:Reginald Fessenden.jpg|link=Reginald Fessenden (nonfiction)|1932 Jul. 22: Inventor [[Reginald Fessenden (nonfiction)|Reginald Fessenden]] dies. He performed pioneering experiments in radio, including the use of continuous waves and the early—and possibly the first—radio transmissions of voice and music.
File:Bonus marchers.gif|link=Bonus Army (nonfiction)|1932 Jul. 25: In Washington, D.C., troops disperse the last of the "[[Bonus Army (nonfiction)|Bonus Army]]" of World War I veterans.
File:John Charles Fields.jpg|link=John Charles Fields (nonfiction)|1932 Aug. 9: Mathematician [[John Charles Fields (nonfiction)|John Charles Fields]] dies.  He founded the Fields Medal for outstanding achievement in mathematics.
File:Amelia Earhart standing under nose of her Lockheed Model 10-E Electral.jpg|link=Amelia Earhart (nonfiction)|1932 Aug. 24: [[Amelia Earhart (nonfiction)|Amelia Earhart]] completes her non-stop flight across the United States, traveling from Los Angeles to Newark, N.J., in just over 19 hours. She was the first woman to fly nonstop across the US. Earlier in the same year, on 20 May 1932, she accomplished the first solo flight by a woman across the Atlantic Ocean.
File:Anne Penfold Street.jpg|link=Anne Penfold Street (nonfiction)|1932 Oct. 11: Mathematician [[Anne Penfold Street (nonfiction)|Anne Penfold Street]] born. She will specialize in combinatorics, authoring several textbooks; her work on sum-free sets will become a standard reference for its subject matter.
 
File:Donald Sarason 2003.jpg|link=Donald Sarason (nonfiction)|1933 Jan. 26: Mathematician [[Donald Sarason (nonfiction)|Donald Erik Sarason]] born. He will make fundamental advances in the areas of Hardy space theory and Vanishing mean oscillation (VMO).
File:Paul Sally 2008.jpg|link=Paul Sally (nonfiction)|1933 Jan. 29: Mathematician and academic [[Paul Sally (nonfiction)|Paul Sally]] born. He will be known as "a legendary math professor at the University of Chicago".
File:Justin Virgilius Capră.jpg|link=Justin Capră (nonfiction)|1933 Feb 22: Engineer and inventor [[Justin Capră (nonfiction)|Justin Capră]] born. He will design fuel-efficient cars, unconventional engines, aircraft, and jet backpacks.
File:Annie Easley.jpg|link=Annie Easley (nonfiction)|1933 Apr. 23: Computer scientist, mathematician, and engineer [[Annie Easley (nonfiction)|Annie Easley]] born. She will be a leading member of the team which develops software for the Centaur rocket stage, and one of the first African-Americans to work as a computer scientist at NASA.
File:Leo Szilard.jpg|link=Leo Szilard (nonfiction)|1933 Sep. 12: [[Leo Szilard (nonfiction)|Leó Szilárd]], waiting for a red light on Southampton Row in Bloomsbury, conceives the idea of the nuclear chain reaction.
 
File:Fritz Haber.png|link=Fritz Haber (nonfiction)|1934 Jan. 29: Chemist [[Fritz Haber (nonfiction)|Fritz Haber]] dies. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his invention of the Haber–Bosch process, a method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. Haber also did pioneering work in chemical warfare, weaponizing chlorine and other poisonous gases during World War I.
File:Marie Curie c1920.jpg|link=Marie Curie (nonfiction)|1934 Jul. 4: Physicist and chemist [[Marie Curie (nonfiction)|Marie Curie]] dies.  She conducted pioneering research on radioactivity, discovering the elements polonium and radium.
File:Leo Szilard.jpg|link=Leo Szilard (nonfiction)|1934 Jul. 4: [[Leo Szilard (nonfiction)|Leo Szilard]] patents the chain-reaction design that will later be used in the atomic bomb.
File:Hans Hahn.jpg|link=Hans Hahn (nonfiction)|1934 Jul. 24: Mathematician and philosopher [[Hans Hahn (nonfiction)|Hans Hahn]] dies. He made contributions to functional analysis, topology, set theory, the calculus of variations, real analysis, and order theory.
File:Philo T Farnsworth.jpg|link=Philo Farnsworth (nonfiction)|1934 Aug. 25: Inventor [[Philo Farnsworth (nonfiction)|Philo Farnsworth]] demonstrates his electronic television system to the public at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia.
File:Willem de Sitter.jpg|link=Willem de Sitter (nonfiction)|1934 Nov. 20: Mathematician, physicist, and astronomer [[Willem de Sitter (nonfiction)|Willem de Sitter]] dies. He co-authored a paper with Albert Einstein in 1932 in which they discuss the implications of cosmological data for the curvature of the universe.
 
File:Emmy Noether.jpg|link=Emmy Noether (nonfiction)|1935 April 14: Mathematician [[Emmy Noether (nonfiction)|Emmy Noether]] dies. She made landmark contributions to abstract algebra and theoretical physics.
File:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.jpg|link=Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (nonfiction)|1935 Sep. 19: Scientist and engineer [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (nonfiction)|Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] dies. He was one of the founding fathers of modern rocketry and astronautics.
 
File:Hindenburg disaster.jpg|link=Hindenburg disaster (nonfiction)|1937 May 6: [[Hindenburg disaster (nonfiction)|Hindenburg disaster]]: The German zeppelin ''Hindenburg'' catches fire and is destroyed within a minute while attempting to dock at Lakehurst, New Jersey. Thirty-six people are killed.
File:Roger Zelazny 1988.jpg|link=Roger Zelazny (nonfiction)|1937 May 13: Writer [[Roger Zelazny (nonfiction)|Roger Zelazny]] born. He will win the Nebula award three times, and the Hugo award six times.
File:Vladimir Arnold.jpg|link=Vladimir Arnold (nonfiction)|1937 Jun. 12: Mathematician and academic [[Vladimir Arnold (nonfiction)|Vladimir Arnold]] born. He will help develop the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem regarding the stability of integrable systems.
File:Amelia Earhart standing under nose of her Lockheed Model 10-E Electral.jpg|link=Amelia Earhart (nonfiction)|1937 Jul. 2: Pilot and author [[Amelia Earhart (nonfiction)|Amelia Earhart]] disappears. She set many records, wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences, and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines, an organization for female pilots.
File:Guglielmo Marconi.jpg|link=Guglielmo Marconi (nonfiction)|1937 Jul. 20: Businessman and inventor [[Guglielmo Marconi (nonfiction)|Guglielmo Marconi]] dies.  He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".
 
File:George Ellery Hale.jpg|link=George Ellery Hale (nonfiction)|1938 Feb. 21: Astronomer and journalist [[George Ellery Hale (nonfiction)|George Ellery Hale]] dies. He discovered magnetic fields in sunspots, and was a leader or key figure in the planning or construction of several world-leading telescopes.
File:Kerry Wendell Thornley.jpg|link=Kerry Wendell Thornley (nonfiction)|1938 Apr. 17: Philosopher and author [[Kerry Wendell Thornley (nonfiction)|Kerry Wendell Thornley]] born. In 1962 he will write a manuscript, ''The Idle Warriors'', about his aquaintence Lee Harvey Oswald.
File:Edmund Husserl 1910s.jpg|link=Edmund Husserl (nonfiction)|1938 Apr. 27: Mathematician and philosopher [[Edmund Husserl (nonfiction)|Edmund Husserl]] dies. He argued that transcendental consciousness sets the limits of all possible knowledge.
File:Gary Gygax Gen Con 2007.jpg|link=Gary Gygax (nonfiction)|1938 Jul. 27: Game designer [[Gary Gygax (nonfiction)|Gary Gygax]] born. He will co-create the pioneering role-playing game [[Dungeons & Dragons (nonfiction)|Dungeons & Dragons]] (D&D) with Dave Arneson.
File:Maurice d'Ocagne.jpg|link=Philbert Maurice d’Ocagne (nonfiction)|1938 Sep. 23: Mathematician and engineer [[Philbert Maurice d’Ocagne (nonfiction)|Philbert Maurice d’Ocagne]] dies.  He founded the field of nomography, the graphic computation of algebraic equations, on charts which he called [[Nomogram (nonfiction)|nomograms]].
File:Otto Hahn 1970.jpg|link=Otto Hahn (nonfiction)|1938 Dec. 17: Physicist [[Otto Hahn (nonfiction)|Otto Hahn]] discovers the nuclear fission of the heavy element uranium, the scientific and technological basis of nuclear energy.
 
File:Marguerite_Perey.jpg|link=Marguerite Perey (nonfiction)|1939 Jan. 7: Physicist [[Marguerite Perey (nonfiction)|Marguerite Perey]] identifies francium, the last element first discovered in nature, rather than by synthesis.
File:Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann.jpg|link=Ferdinand von Lindemann (nonfiction)|1939 March 6: Mathematician and academic [[Ferdinand von Lindemann (nonfiction)|Ferdinand von Lindemann]] dies. He proved (1882) that π (pi) is a transcendental number.
File:Seamus Heaney 1970.jpg|link=Seamus Heaney (nonfiction)|1939 Apr. 13: Poet, playwright, translator, and lecturer [[Seamus Heaney (nonfiction)|Seamus Heaney]] born. He will receive the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature.
File:Stanisław Leśniewski.jpg|link=Stanisław Leśniewski (nonfiction)|1939 May 13: Mathematician, philosopher, and logician [[Stanisław Leśniewski (nonfiction)|Stanisław Leśniewski]] dies. He posited three nested formal systems, to which he will give the Greek-derived names of protothetic, ontology, and mereology.
File:Atomic bombing of Japan.jpg|link=Manhattan Project (nonfiction)|1939 Aug. 2: [[Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|Albert Einstein]] writes President F. D. Roosevelt that "some recent work by [[Enrico Fermi (nonfiction)|E. Fermi]] and [[Leo Szilard (nonfiction)|L. Szilard]] ... leads me to expect that the element uranium may be turned into a new and important source of energy in the immediate future. This new phenomenon would also lead to the construction of bombs, and it is conceivable--though much less certain--that extremely powerful bombs of a new type may be constructed." Roosevelt quickly starts the [[Manhattan Project (nonfiction)|Manhattan Project]].
File:Stanislav Yevgrafovich Petrov.jpg|link=Stanislav Petrov (nonfiction)|1939 Sep. 7: Soviet Air Defense office [[Stanislav Petrov (nonfiction)|Stanislav Yevgrafovich Petrov]] born. Petrov will became known as "the man who single-handedly saved the world from nuclear war" for his role in the 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident.
 
File:Carbon 14 formation and decay.svg|link=Carbon-14 (nonfiction)|1940 Feb. 27: Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben discover [[Carbon-14 (nonfiction)|carbon-14]]. Its presence in organic materials is the basis of the radiocarbon dating method pioneered by Willard Libby and colleagues (1949) to date archaeological, geological and hydrogeological samples.
File:Igor Sikorsky 1914.jpg|link=Igor Sikorsky (nonfiction)|1940 May 24: [[Igor Sikorsky (nonfiction)|Igor Sikorsky]] performs the first successful single-rotor helicopter flight.
File:J_J_Thomson.jpg|link=J. J. Thomson (nonfiction)|1940 Aug. 30: Physicist, academic, and Nobel laureate [[J. J. Thomson (nonfiction)|J. J. Thomson]] dies. His research in cathode rays led to the discovery of the electron. Thomson also discovered the first evidence for isotopes of a stable element.
File:Chiungtze C. Tsen 1932.jpg|link=Chiungtze C. Tsen (nonfiction)|1940 Oct. 1: Mathematician [[Chiungtze C. Tsen (nonfiction)|Chiungtze C. Tsen]] dies. He proved Tsen's theorem, which states that a function field K of an algebraic curve over an algebraically closed field is quasi-algebraically closed (i.e., C1).
File:Vito Volterra.jpg|link=Vito Volterra (nonfiction)|1940 Oct. 11: Mathematician and physicist [[Vito Volterra (nonfiction)|Vito Volterra]] dies. He was one of the founders of functional analysis, making contributions to mathematical biology and integral equations.
File:George Metesky.jpg|link=George Metesky (nonfiction)|1940 Nov. 16: New York City "Mad Bomber" [[George Metesky (nonfiction)|George P. Metesky]] places his first bomb, at a Manhattan office building used by Consolidated Edison.
 
File:Andrzej Trybulec.jpg|link=Andrzej Trybulec|1941 Jan. 29: Mathematician and computer scientist [[Andrzej Trybulec (nonfiction)|Andrzej Trybulec]] born. He will develop the Mizar system: a formal language for writing mathematical definitions and proofs, a proof assistant which is able to mechanically check proofs written in this language, and a library of formalized mathematics which can be used in the proof of new theorems.
File:Ray Tomlinson.jpg|link=Ray Tomlinson (nonfiction)|1941 Apr. 23:  Computer programmer and engineer [[Ray Tomlinson (nonfiction)|Ray Tomlinson]] born. He will implement the first email system on the the ARPANET system, including the "@" separator which is still in use today.
File:U-110.jpg|link=German submarine U-110 (1940) (nonfiction)|1941 May 9: The [[German submarine U-110 (1940) (nonfiction)|German submarine U-110]] is captured by the Royal Navy. On board is the latest Enigma machine which Allied cryptographers later use to break coded German messages.
File:Konrad Zuse (1992).jpg|link=Konrad Zuse (nonfiction)|1941 May 12: Engineer, inventor, and pioneering computer scientist [[Konrad Zuse (nonfiction)|Konrad Zuse]] presents the Z3, the world's first working programmable, fully automatic computer, in Berlin.
File:Henri Lebesgue.jpg|link=Henri Lebesgue (nonfiction)|1941 Jul. 26: Mathematician and academic [[Henri Lebesgue (nonfiction)|Henri Lebesgue]] dies. He developed a theory of integration which generalizes the 17th century concept of integration (summing the area between an axis and the curve of a function defined for that axis).
File:Abe Reles.jpg|link=Abe Reles (nonfiction)|1941 Nov. 12: New York mobster and hit man turned goverment informant [[Abe Reles (nonfiction)|Abe Reles]] falls to his death while under police custody. Despite knotted sheets and other evidence of an escape attempt, there is widespread belief that Reles was murdered to prevent him from testifying.
File:Tullio Levi-civita.jpg|link=Tullio Levi-Civita (nonfiction)|1941 Dec. 29: Mathematician and academic [[Tullio Levi-Civita (nonfiction)|Tullio Levi-Civita]] dies. He gained fame for his work on absolute differential calculus (tensor calculus) and its applications to the theory of relativity, and made significant contributions in other areas.
 
File:Atomic bombing of Japan.jpg|link=Manhattan Project (nonfiction)|1942 Aug. 13: Major General Eugene Reybold of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers authorizes the construction of facilities that would house the "Development of Substitute Materials" project, better known as the [[Manhattan Project (nonfiction)|Manhattan Project]].
File:Plutonium pellet.jpg|link=Plutonium (nonfiction)|1942 Aug. 20: The first visible quantity of a [[Plutonium (nonfiction)|plutonium compound]], plutonium(IV) iodate, is isolated by nuclear chemists Burris Cunningham and Louis Werner.
File:Sergey Chaplygin.jpg|link=Sergey Chaplygin (nonfiction)|1942 Oct. 8: Physicist, mathematician, and engineer [[Sergey Chaplygin (nonfiction)|Sergey Chaplygin]] dies. He is known for mathematical formulas such as Chaplygin's equation, and for a hypothetical substance in cosmology called Chaplygin gas, named after him.
 
File:Nikolai Tesla 1896.jpg|link=Nikola Tesla (nonfiction)|1943 Jan. 7: Electrical engineer [[Nikola Tesla (nonfiction)|Nikola Tesla]] dies. He made pioneering contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system.
File:Jef Raskin holding Canon Cat model.png|link=Jef Raskin (nonfiction)|1943 Mar. 9: Computer scientist [[Jef Raskin (nonfiction)|Jef Raskin]] born.  He will conceive and start the Macintosh project for Apple in the late 1970s.
File:Richard Smalley.jpg|link=Richard Smalley (nonfiction)|1943 Jun. 6: Chemist and academic [[Richard Smalley (nonfiction)|Richard Smalley]] born. Along with colleagues Robert Curl and Harold Kroto, he will win the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of a new form of carbon, buckminsterfullerene, also known as buckyballs.
 
File:Margaret Eliza Maltby circa 1908.jpg|link=Margaret Eliza Maltby (nonfiction)|1944 May 3: Physicist [[Margaret Eliza Maltby (nonfiction)|Margaret Eliza Maltby]] dies.  She contributed to the measurement of high electrolytic resistances and conductivity of very dilute solutions.
 
File:Colossus Mark 2.jpg|link=Colossus computer (nonfiction)|1944 Jun. 1: First successful run of the improved [[Colossus computer (nonfiction)|Colossus Mark 2 computer]]], just in time for the Normandy landings on D-Day. Colossus Mark 2 used shift registers to quintuple the processing speed.
File:Port Chicago disaster.jpg|link=Port Chicago disaster (nonfiction)|1944 Jul. 17: The [[Port Chicago disaster (nonfiction)|Port Chicago disaster]]: Munitions detonate while being loaded onto a cargo vessel bound for the Pacific Theater of Operations, killing 320 sailors and civilians and injuring 390 others at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in Port Chicago, California, United States.
File:William James Sidis 1914.jpg|link=William James Sidis (nonfiction)|1944 Jul. 17: Mathematician and anthropologist [[William James Sidis (nonfiction)|William James Sidis]] dies. He became famous first for his precocity and later for his eccentricity and withdrawal from public life.
File:Plutonium pellet.jpg|link=Plutonium (nonfiction)|1944 Nov. 6: [[Plutonium (nonfiction)|Plutonium]] is first produced at the Hanford Atomic Facility and subsequently used in the Fat Man atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.
File:George_David_Birkhoff.jpg|link=George David Birkhoff (nonfiction)|1944 Nov. 12: Mathematician [[George David Birkhoff (nonfiction)|George David Birkhoff]] dies. He was one of the most important leaders in American mathematics in his generation.
 
File:Dmitry_Mirimanoff.jpg|link=Dmitry Mirimanoff (nonfiction)|1945 Jan. 5: Mathematician [[Dmitry Mirimanoff (nonfiction)|Dmitry Mirimanoff]] dies. In 1917, he introduced (though not as explicitly as John von Neumann later) the cumulative hierarchy of sets and the notion of von Neumann ordinals; although he introduced a notion of regular (and well-founded set) he did not consider regularity as an axiom, but also explored what is now called non-well-founded set theory, and had an emergent idea of what is now called bisimulation.
File:Wilhelm Wirtinger.jpg|link=Wilhelm Wirtinger (nonfiction)|1945 Jan. 15: Mathematician [[Wilhelm Wirtinger (nonfiction)|Wilhelm Wirtinger]] dies. He contributed to complex analysis, geometry, algebra, number theory, Lie groups and knot theory.
File:John Ambrose Fleming 1890.png|link=John Ambrose Fleming (nonfiction)|1945 Apr. 18: Electrical engineer and physicist [[John Ambrose Fleming (nonfiction)|John Ambrose Fleming]] dies. He invented the thermionic valve, also known as the vacuum tube.
File:Georg_Feigl.jpg|link=Georg Feigl (nonfiction)|1945 Apr. 20: Mathematician [[Georg Feigl (nonfiction)|Georg Feigl]] dies. He worked on the foundations of geometry and topology, studying fixed point theorems for ''n''-dimensional manifolds. Feigl was one of the initial authors of the Mathematisches Wörterbuch ("Mathematical dictionary").
File:Officials of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency.jpg|link=Operation Paperclip (nonfiction)|1945 Jun. 20: The United States Secretary of State approves the transfer of Wernher von Braun and his team of Nazi rocket scientists to the U.S. under [[Operation Paperclip (nonfiction)|Operation Paperclip]].
File:USS Indianapolis (CA-35) underway at sea 27 September 1939 (80-G-425615).jpg|link=USS Indianapolis (CA-35) (nonfiction)|1945 Jul. 16: World War II: The heavy cruiser [[USS Indianapolis (CA-35) (nonfiction)|USS ''Indianapolis'']] leaves San Francisco with parts for the atomic bomb "Little Boy" bound for Tinian Island. See [[Manhattan Project (nonfiction)|Manhattan Project]].
File:Trinity detonation.jpg|link=Manhattan Project (nonfiction)|1945 Jul. 16: [[Trinity (nuclear test) (nonfiction)|Trinity nuclear weapon test]]: the United States successfully detonates a plutonium-based test nuclear weapon near Alamogordo, New Mexico. See [[Manhattan Project (nonfiction)|Manhattan Project]].
File:Harry Daghlian.gif|link=Harry Daghlian (nonfiction)|1945 Aug. 21: Physicist [[Harry Daghlian (nonfiction)|Harry Daghlian]] is fatally irradiated in a criticality accident during an experiment with the Demon core at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
File:Stefan Banach.jpg|link=Stefan Banach (nonfiction)|1945 Aug. 31: Mathematician and academic [[Stefan Banach (nonfiction)|Stefan Banach]] dies. He was one of the founders of modern functional analysis.
File:Harry Daghlian.gif|link=Harry Daghlian (nonfiction)|1945 Sep. 15: Physicist [[Harry Daghlian (nonfiction)|Harry Daghlian]] dies.  He was fatally irradiated in a criticality accident during an experiment with the Demon core at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
File:Klaus Fuchs.jpg|link=Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs (nonfiction)|1945 Oct. 18: The USSR's nuclear program receives plans for the United States plutonium bomb from [[Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs (nonfiction)|Klaus Fuchs]] at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
File:Alexey Krylov 1910s.jpg|link=Aleksey Krylov (nonfiction)|1945 Oct. 26: Mathematician and naval engineer [[Aleksey Krylov (nonfiction)|Aleksey Krylov]] dies. Fame came to him in the 1890s, when his pioneering theory of oscillating motions of the ship became internationally known.
 
File:ENIAC.jpg|link=ENIAC (nonfiction)|1946 Feb. 15: [[ENIAC (nonfiction)|ENIAC]], the first electronic general-purpose computer, is formally dedicated at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.
File:Alan Turing (1930s).jpg|link=Alan Turing (nonfiction)|1946 Feb. 19: Mathematician and academic [[Alan Turing (nonfiction)|Alan Turing]] presents the "Proposal for the Development in the Mathematics Division of an Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) to a meeting of the Executive Committee of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL); the proposal was approved at a second meeting held a month later.
File:Louis Slotin.jpg|link=Louis Slotin (nonfiction)|1946 May 21: Physicist [[Louis Slotin (nonfiction)|Louis Slotin]] is fatally irradiated in a criticality incident during an experiment with the demon core at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
File:WAC Corporal rocket at White Sands.jpg|link=WAC Corporal (nonfiction)|1946 May 22: The [[WAC Corporal (nonfiction)|WAC Corporal]] becomes the first US rocket to reach edge of space.
File:Louis Slotin.jpg|link=Louis Slotin (nonfiction)|1946 May 30: Physicist [[Louis Slotin (nonfiction)|Louis Slotin]] dies. He was fatally irradiated in a criticality incident during an experiment with the demon core at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
File:Howard Hughes 1940s.jpg|link=Howard Hughes (nonfiction)|1946 Jul. 7: Pilot [[Howard Hughes (nonfiction)|Howard Hughes]] nearly dies when his XF-11 reconnaissance aircraft prototype crashes in a Beverly Hills neighborhood.
 
File:National Security Act long title.jpg|link=National Security Act (nonfiction)|1947 Sep. 18: The majority of the provisions of the [[National Security Act (nonfiction)|National Security Act]], which establishes The National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency, come into effect, the day after the Senate confirmed James Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense.
File:Dave_Arneson.png|link=Dave Arneson (nonfiction)|1947 Oct. 1: Game designer [[Dave Arneson (nonfiction)|Dave Arneson]] born. He will co-create the pioneering role-playing game [[Dungeons & Dragons (nonfiction)|Dungeons & Dragons]] with Gary Gygax.
File:Max Planck 1878.gif|link=Max Planck (nonfiction)|1947 Oct. 4: Physicist and academic [[Max Planck (nonfiction)|Max Planck]] dies. He made many contributions to theoretical physics, and earned fame as the originator of quantum theory.
File:Chairman Dies of House Committee investigating Un-American activities.jpg|link=House Un-American Activities Committee (nonfiction)|1947 Oct. 7: The [[House Un-American Activities Committee (nonfiction)|House Un-American Activities Committee]] begins its investigation into Communist infiltration of the cinema of the United States, resulting in a blacklist that prevents some from working in the industry for years.
File:Van meegeren trial.jpg|link=Han van Meegeren (nonfiction)|1947 Nov. 12: Painter and forger [[Han van Meegeren (nonfiction)|Han van Meegeren]] is convicted on falsification and fraud charges.
File:Aleister Crowley.jpg|link=Aleister Crowley (nonfiction)|1947 Dec. 1: Magician and author [[Aleister Crowley (nonfiction)|Aleister Crowley]] dies. He gained widespread notoriety during his lifetime, as a recreational drug experimenter, bisexual, and an individualist social critic; the popular press denounced him as "the wickedest man in the world" and a Satanist.
File:Van meegeren trial.jpg|link=Han van Meegeren (nonfiction)|1947 Dec. 30: Painter and forger [[Han van Meegeren (nonfiction)|Han van Meegeren]] dies. He was one of the most ingenious art forgers of the 20th century.
 
File:Chairman Dies of House Committee investigating Un-American activities.jpg|link=House Un-American Activities Committee (nonfiction)|1948 Aug. 25: The [[House Un-American Activities Committee (nonfiction)|House Un-American Activities Committee holds]] first-ever televised congressional hearing: "Confrontation Day" between Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss.
File:Sylvanus Morley.jpg|link=Sylvanus Morley (nonfiction)|1948 Sep. 2: Archaeologist and spy [[Sylvanus Morley (nonfiction)|Sylvanus Morley]] dies. He conducted espionage in Mexico on behalf of the United States during World War I; the scope of these activities only came to light well after his death.
File:Tolman and Einstein.jpg|link=Richard C. Tolman (nonfiction)|1948 Sep. 5: Physicist and chemist [[Richard C. Tolman (nonfiction)|Richard C. Tolman]] dies. He made important contributions to theoretical cosmology in the years soon after Einstein's discovery of general relativity.
File:Joseph Wedderburn.jpg|link=Joseph Wedderburn (nonfiction)|1948 Oct. 9: Mathematician [[Joseph Wedderburn (nonfiction)|Joseph Wedderburn]] dies. He made significant contributions to algebra, proving that a finite division algebra is a field, and proving part of the Artin–Wedderburn theorem on simple algebras.
 
File:Anita Borg.jpg|link=Anita Borg (nonfiction)|1949 Jan. 17: Computer scientist [[Anita Borg (nonfiction)|Anita Borg]] born.  She will found the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology.
File:EDSAC.jpg|link=Electronic delay storage automatic calculator (nonfiction)|1949 May 6: [[Electronic delay storage automatic calculator (nonfiction)|EDSAC]], the first practical electronic digital stored-program computer, runs its first operation, calculating a table of squares and a list of prime numbers.
 
File:Nikolai Luzin stamp.jpg|link=Nikolai Luzin (nonfiction)|1950 Jan. 28: Mathematician, theorist, and academic [[Nikolai Luzin (nonfiction)|Nikolai Luzin]] dies. He contributed to descriptive set theory and aspects of mathematical analysis with strong connections to point-set topology.
File:Constantin Carathéodory.jpg|link=Constantin Carathéodory (nonfiction)|1950 Feb. 2: Mathematician and author [[Constantin Carathéodory (nonfiction)|Constantin Carathéodory]] dies. He pioneered the axiomatic formulation of thermodynamics along a purely geometrical approach.
File:Klaus Fuchs.jpg|link=Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs (nonfiction)|1950 Mar. 7: Cold War: The Soviet Union issues a statement denying that [[Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs (nonfiction)|Klaus Fuchs]] served as a Soviet spy.
File:Kurt Gödel.jpg|link=Kurt Gödel (nonfiction)|1950 Aug. 31: Mathematician and philosopher [[Kurt Gödel (nonfiction)|Kurt Gödel]] addresses the International Congress of Mathematicians, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on his work in relativity theory.
 
File:William Shockley.jpg|link=William Shockley (nonfiction)|1951 Jul 4: Physicist and engineer [[William Shockley (nonfiction)|William Shockley]] announces the invention of the junction transistor.
 
File:Hebern_electric_code_machine.jpg|link=Edward Hebern (nonfiction)|1952 Feb. 10: Inventor [[Edward Hebern (nonfiction)|Edward Hugh Hebern]] dies. He was a pioneer of rotor encryption machines.
File:Alan Turing (1930s).jpg|link=Alan Turing (nonfiction)|1952 Jun. 7: computer scientist, mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and theoretical biologist [[Alan Turing (nonfiction)|Alan Turing]] dies. He was influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalization of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the [[Turing machine (nonfiction)|Turing machine]].
 
File:MKUltra proposal.jpg|link=Project MKUltra (nonfiction)|1953 Apr. 13: CIA director Allen Dulles authorizes the mind-control program [[Project MKUltra (nonfiction)|Project MKUltra]].
File:Ernst Zermelo 1900s.jpg|link=Ernst Zermelo (nonfiction)|1953 May 21: Logician and mathematician [[Ernst Zermelo (nonfiction)|Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo]] dies. His work had major implications for the foundations of mathematics; he is known for his role in developing Zermelo–Fraenkel axiomatic set theory, and for his proof of the well-ordering theorem.
File:Edwin Hubble.jpg|link=Edwin Hubble (nonfiction)|1953 Sep. 28: Astronomer and cosmologist [[Edwin Hubble (nonfiction)|Edwin Hubble]] dies. He discovered the fact that the Andromeda "nebula" is actually another island galaxy far outside of our own Milky Way.
File:Robert Andrews Millikan.jpg|link=Robert Andrews Millikan (nonfiction)|1953 Dec. 19: Physicist [[Robert Andrews Millikan (nonfiction)|Robert Andrews Millikan]] dies. He won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1923 for the measurement of the elementary electronic charge and for his work on the photoelectric effect.
 
File:McCarthy Cohn 1954.jpg|link=Army–McCarthy hearings (nonfiction)|1954 Apr. 22: Red Scare: Witnesses begin testifying and live television coverage of the [[Army–McCarthy hearings (nonfiction)|Army–McCarthy]] hearings begins.
File:Enrico Fermi 1943-49.jpg|link=Enrico Fermi (nonfiction)|1954 Nov. 28: Physicist [[Enrico Fermi (nonfiction)|Enrico Fermi]] dies. He has been called the "architect of the nuclear age" and the "architect of the atomic bomb".
File:Sylacauga meteorite, Smithsonian Natural History Museum.jpg|link=Sylacauga (meteorite) (nonfiction)|1954 Nov. 30: In Sylacauga, Alabama, United States, the [[Sylacauga (meteorite) (nonfiction)|Hodges meteorite]] crashes through a roof and hits a woman taking an afternoon nap; this is the only documented case in the Western Hemisphere of a human being hit by a rock from space.
 
File:Tim_Cochran_Multnomah_Falls_Oregon_July_16_2012.jpg|link=Tim Cochran (nonfiction)|1955 Apr. 7: Mathematician and academic [[Tim Cochran (nonfiction)|Tim Cochran]] born. He will contribute to topology, especially low-dimensional topology, the theory of knots and links and associated algebra.
File:Albert Einstein 1921.jpg|link=Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|1955 Apr. 18: Physicist, engineer, and academic [[Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|Albert Einstein]] dies. He developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).
File:Tim Berners-Lee (2009).jpg|link=Tim Berners-Lee (nonfiction)|1955 Jun. 8: Engineer and computer scientist [[Tim Berners-Lee (nonfiction)|Tim Berners-Lee]] born. He will invent the World Wide Web.
File:ENIAC.jpg|link=ENIAC (nonfiction)|1955 Oct. 2: [[ENIAC (nonfiction)|ENIAC]] retired. After disassembly, parts of the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, the first general purpose electronic computer, were shipped to the Smithsonian for display.
File:Hermann Weyl.jpg|link=Hermann Weyl (nonfiction)|1955 Dec. 8: Mathematician, physicist, and philosopher [[Hermann Weyl (nonfiction)|Hermann Weyl]] dies. He was one of the most influential mathematicians of the twentieth century: his research has major significance for theoretical physics as well as purely mathematical disciplines including number theory.
 
File:John von Neumann.gif|link=John von Neumann (nonfiction)|1957 Feb. 8: Mathematician, physicist, and computer scientist [[John von Neumann (nonfiction)|John von Neumann]] dies. He was a key figure in the development of the digital computer, and developed mathematical models of both nuclear and thermonuclear weapons.
File:Plumbbob Rainier dust.jpg|link=Plumbbob Rainier (nonfiction)|1957 Sep. 19: The US military detonates the [[Plumbbob Rainier (nonfiction)|Plumbbob Rainier]] nuclear weapon at the Nevada Test Site. It is the first American underground nuclear bomb test.
File:Kyshtym disaster map.png|link=Kyshtym disaster (nonfiction)|1957 Sep. 29: Twenty MCi (740 petabecquerels) of radioactive material is released in an explosion at the Soviet Mayak nuclear plant at Chelyabinsk. See [[Kyshtym disaster (nonfiction)]].
 
File:Sputnik 1.jpg|link=Sputnik 1 (nonfiction)|1958 Jan. 4: [[Sputnik 1 (nonfiction)|Sputnik 1]] falls to Earth from orbit.
File:Rosalind Franklin.jpg|link=Rosalind Franklin (nonfiction)|1958 Apr. 16: Chemist and X-ray crystallographer [[Rosalind Franklin (nonfiction)|Rosalind Franklin]] dies. She made contributions to the discovery of the molecular structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
File:EDSAC.jpg|link=Electronic delay storage automatic calculator (nonfiction)|1958 Jul. 11: [[Electronic delay storage automatic calculator (nonfiction)|EDSAC]], the first practical electronic digital stored-program computer, is shut down, having been superseded by EDSAC 2.
 
File:Owen Richardson.jpg|link=Owen Willans Richardson (nonfiction)|1959 Feb. 15: Physicist and academic [[Owen Willans Richardson (nonfiction)|Owen Willans Richardson]] dies. He won the 1928 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on thermionic emission, which led to Richardson's law.
File:Klaus Fuchs.jpg|link=Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs (nonfiction)|1959 Jun. 23 Convicted Manhattan Project spy [Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs (nonfiction)|Klaus Fuchs]] is released after only nine years in prison and allowed to emigrate to Dresden, East Germany where he resumes a scientific career.
File:Stephen Wolfram.jpg|link=Stephen Wolfram (nonfiction)|1959 Aug. 29: Computer scientist, physicist, and businessman [[Stephen Wolfram (nonfiction)|Stephen Wolfram]] born. He will do pioneering work in computation, creating Mathematica, Wolfram|Alpha, and the Wolfram Language.
File:Aleksandr Khinchin.gif|link=Aleksandr Khinchin (nonfiction)|1959 Nov. 18: Mathematician and academic [[Aleksandr Khinchin (nonfiction)|Aleksandr Khinchin]] dies. He was one of the founders of modern probability theory.
File:Erhard Schmidt.jpg|link=Erhard Schmidt (nonfiction)|1959 Dec. 6: Mathematician [[Erhard Schmidt (nonfiction)|Erhard Schmidt]] dies. He made important contributions to functional analysis and modern set theory.
 
File:Operation Sandblast track.jpg|link=Operation Sandblast (nonfiction)|1960 Apr. 25: The United States Navy submarine USS Triton completes [[Operation Sandblast (nonfiction)|Operation Sandblast]], the first submerged circumnavigation of the globe.
File:Henry Whitehead.jpg|link=J. H. C. Whitehead (nonfiction)|1960 May 8: Mathematician and academic [[J. H. C. Whitehead (nonfiction)|J. H. C. Whitehead]] dies. During the Second World War, he worked with the codebreakers at Bletchley Park.
File:Operation Sandblast track.jpg|link=Operation Sandblast (nonfiction)|1960 May 10: The nuclear submarine USS Triton completes [[Operation Sandblast (nonfiction)|Operation Sandblast]], the first underwater circumnavigation of the earth.
File:Oswald Veblen 1915.jpg|link=Oswald Veblen (nonfiction)|1960 Aug. 10: Mathematician and academic [[Oswald Veblen (nonfiction)|Oswald Veblen]] dies. His work found application in atomic physics and the theory of relativity.
File:Philo T Farnsworth.jpg|link=Philo Farnsworth (nonfiction)|1930 Aug. 26: [[Philo Farnsworth (nonfiction)|Philo Farnsworth]] is granted a ptent (U.S. 1,773,980) for his television system . This is his first patent, with a description of his image dissector tube, and his most important contribution to the development of television.
 
File:Erwin Schrödinger (1933).jpg|link=Erwin Schrödinger (nonfiction)|1961 Jan. 4: Physicist and academic [[Erwin Schrödinger (nonfiction)|Erwin Schrödinger]] dies. He was awarded the 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics for the formulation of the Schrödinger equation.
File:Eisenhower in the Oval Office February 1956.jpg|link=Military-industrial complex (nonfiction)|1961 Jan. 17: U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower delivers a televised farewell address to the nation three days before leaving office, in which he warns against the accumulation of power by the "[[Military-industrial complex (nonfiction)|military–industrial complex]]."
File:Venera 1.jpg|link=Venera 1 (nonfiction)|1961 Feb. 12: Spacecraft [[Venera 1 (nonfiction)|Venera 1]] launched. It will become the first man-made object to fly-by another planet by passing Venus (although it will lose contact with Earth and not send back any data).
File:Yuri Gagarin Vostok1.jpg|link=Yuri Gagarin (nonfiction)|1961 Apr. 12: Soviet cosmonaut [[Yuri Gagarin (nonfiction)|Yuri Gagarin]] becomes the first human to travel into outer space and perform the first manned orbital flight (Vostok 1).
File:Venera 1.jpg|link=Venera 1 (nonfiction)|1961 May 19: [[Venera 1 (nonfiction)|Venera 1]] becomes the first man-made object to fly-by another planet by passing Venus (the probe had lost contact with Earth a month earlier and did not send back any data).
File:Percy Williams Bridgman.jpg|link=Percy Williams Bridgman (nonfiction)|1961 Aug. 20: Physicist and academic [[Percy Williams Bridgman (nonfiction)|Percy Williams Bridgman]] dies. He won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the physics of high pressures.
 
File:John Riedl.jpg|link=John T. Riedl (nonfiction)|1962 Jan. 20: Computer scientist and academic [[John T. Riedl (nonfiction)|John T. Riedl]] born. He will be a founder of the field of recommender systems, social computing, and interactive intelligent user interface systems.
File:Arthur Compton 1927.jpg|link=Arthur Compton (nonfiction)|1962 Mar. 15:  American physicist and academic [[Arthur Compton (nonfiction)|Arthur Compton]] dies. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927 for his 1923 discovery of the Compton effect, which demonstrated the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation.
File:C. Wright Mills.jpg|link=C. Wright Mills (nonfiction)|1962 Mar. 20: Sociologist and author [[C. Wright Mills (nonfiction)|C. Wright Mills]] dies. He was published widely in popular and intellectual journals, advocating public and political engagement over disinterested observation.
File:Auguste Piccard.jpg|link=Auguste Piccard (nonfiction)|1962 Mar. 24: Physicist and explorer [[Auguste Piccard (nonfiction)|Auguste Piccard]] dies. He made record-breaking hot air balloon flights, with which he studied Earth's upper atmosphere and cosmic rays, and invented of the first bathyscaphe, FNRS-2, with which he made a number of unmanned dives to explore the ocean.
File:Nakaya Ukichiro in 1946.jpg|link=Ukichiro Nakaya (nonfiction)|1962 Apr. 11: Physicist and academic [[Ukichiro Nakaya (nonfiction)|Ukichiro Nakaya]] dies. He created the first artificial snowflakes.
File:Atlas_Agena_with_Mariner_1.jpg|link=Mariner 1 (nonfiction)|1962 Jul. 22: Mariner program: [[Mariner 1 (nonfiction)|Mariner 1]] spacecraft flies erratically several minutes after launch and has to be destroyed.
File:Niels Bohr.jpg|link=Niels Bohr (nonfiction)|1962 Nov. 18: Physicist and philosopher [[Niels Bohr (nonfiction)|Niels Bohr]] born. He will make foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he will receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.
File:Emil Artin.jpg|link=Emil Artin (nonfiction)|1962 Dec. 20: Mathematician [[Emil Artin (nonfiction)|Emil Artin]] dies. He worked on algebraic number theory, contributing to class field theory and a new construction of L-functions. He also contributed to the pure theories of rings, groups and fields.
File:Wilhelm Ackermann.jpg|link=Wilhelm Ackermann (nonfiction)|1962 Dec. 24: Mathematician [[Wilhelm Ackermann (nonfiction)|Wilhelm Ackermann]] dies.  He discovered the Ackermann function, an important example in the theory of computation.
 
File:Tan Lei.jpg|link=Tan Lei (nonfiction)|1963 Mar. 18: Mathematician [[Tan Lei (nonfiction)|Tan Lei]] born.  She will specialize in complex dynamics and functions of complex numbers, making contributions to the study of the Mandelbrot set and Julia set.
File:Petticoat Junction title screen.jpg|link=Petticoat Junction (nonfiction)|1963 Sep. 24: First episode of ''[[Petticoat Junction (nonfiction)|Petticoat Junction]]'' broadcast.
File:Klara Dan von Neumann.png|link=Klara Dan von Neumann (nonfiction)|1963 Nov. 10: Computer scientist [[Klara Dan von Neumann (nonfiction)|Klara Dan von Neumann]] dies. She was one of the world's first computer programmers and coders, solving mathematical problems using computer code.
File:Aldous Huxley.png|link=Aldous Huxley (nonfiction)|1963 Nov. 22: Writer and philosopher [[Aldous Huxley (nonfiction)|Aldous Huxley]] dies. He was acknowledged as one of the pre-eminent intellectuals of his time.
File:John F. Kennedy moon mission speech.jpg|link=John F. Kennedy (nonfiction)|1963 Nov. 22: United States President [[John F. Kennedy (nonfiction)|John F. Kennedy]], 35th President is assassinated.
 
File:Leo Szilard.jpg|link=Leo Szilard (nonfiction)|1964 May 30: Physicist and academic [[Leo Szilard (nonfiction)|Leo Szilard]] dies. He conceived the nuclear chain reaction in 1933, and patented the idea of a nuclear reactor with Enrico Fermi.
File:Tatyana_Afanasyeva.jpg|link=Tatyana Afanasyeva (nonfiction)|1964 Apr. 14: Mathematician and theorist [[Tatyana Afanasyeva (nonfiction)|Tatyana Afanasyeva]] dies. She contributed to statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics, and to mathematical education in the Netherlands.
 
File:Ranger spacecraft.jpg|link=Ranger 9 (nonfiction)|1965 Mar. 21: NASA launches [[Ranger 9 (nonfiction)|Ranger 9]], the last in a series of unmanned lunar space probes.
File:Ranger spacecraft.jpg|link=Ranger 9 (nonfiction)|1965 Mar. 24: NASA spacecraft [[Ranger 9 (nonfiction)|Ranger 9]], equipped to convert its signals into a form suitable for showing on domestic television, brings images of the Moon into ordinary homes before crash landing.
File:Adolf Abraham Halevi Fraenkel.jpg|link=Abraham Fraenkel (nonfiction)|1965 Oct. 15: Mathematician [[Abraham Fraenkel (nonfiction)|Abraham Fraenkel]] dies. He contributed to axiomatic set theory, and published a biography of [[Georg Cantor (nonfiction)|George Cantor]].
File:Long Shot film still.jpg|link=Long Shot (nuclear test) (nonfiction)|1965 Oct. 29: ''[[Long Shot (nuclear test) (nonfiction)|Long Shot]]'' nuclear weapons test in Amchitka, Alaska. It was the largest underground explosion ever detonated by the United States.
 
File:Palomares H-Bomb Incident.jpg|link=1966 Palomares B-52 crash (nonfiction)|1966 Jan. 17: [[1966 Palomares B-52 crash (nonfiction)|Palomares incident]]: A B-52 bomber collides with a KC-135 Stratotanker over Spain, killing seven airmen, and dropping three 70-kiloton nuclear bombs near the town of Palomares and another one into the sea.
File:Boris_Podolsky.jpg|link=Boris Podolsky (nonfiction)|1966 Nov. 28: Physicist [[Boris Podolsky (nonfiction)|Boris Yakovlevich Podolsky]] dies.  He worked with [[Albert Einstein (nonfiction)|Albert Einstein]] and [[Nathan Rosen (nonfiction)|Nathan Rosen]] on entangled wave functions and the [[EPR paradox (nonfiction)|EPR paradox]].
File:Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer.jpg|link=L. E. J. Brouwer (nonfiction)|1966 Dec. 2: Mathematician and philosopher [[L. E. J. Brouwer (nonfiction)|L. E. J. Brouwer]] dies.  He made contributions to topology, set theory, measure theory and complex analysis; and he founded the mathematical philosophy of intuitionism.
 
File:J. Robert Oppenheimer.jpg|link=J. Robert Oppenheimer (nonfiction)|1967 Feb. 18: American physicist and academic [[J. Robert Oppenheimer (nonfiction)|J. Robert Oppenheimer]] dies. His achievements in physics included the Born–Oppenheimer approximation for molecular wavefunctions, work on the theory of electrons and positrons, the Oppenheimer–Phillips process in nuclear fusion, and the first prediction of quantum tunneling. Oppenheimer has been called the "father of the atomic bomb" for his role in the Manhattan Project.
File:Soyuz 1 patch.png|link=Soyuz 1 (nonfiction)|1967 Apr. 22: Soviet space program: [[Soyuz 1 (nonfiction)|Soyuz 1]] (Russian: Союз 1, Union 1) a manned spaceflight carrying cosmonaut Colonel Vladimir Komarov is launched into orbit.
File:Soyuz 1 patch.png|link=Soyuz 1 (nonfiction)|1967 Apr. 23: Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov dies in [[Soyuz 1 (nonfiction)|Soyuz 1]] when its parachute fails to open. He is the first human to die during a space mission.
File:John Douglas Cockcroft 1961.jpg|link=John Cockcroft (nonfiction)|1967 Sep. 2: Physicist, academic, and Nobel Prize laureate [[John Cockcroft (nonfiction)|John Cockcroft]] dies. He was instrumental in the development of nuclear power.
File:Gasbuggy Nuclear device.jpg|link=Project Gasbuggy (nonfiction)|1967 Dec.
10: [[Project Gasbuggy (nonfiction)|Project Gasbuggy]] underground nuclear test detonation in rural northern New Mexico. Its purpose was to determine if nuclear explosions could be useful in fracturing rock formations for natural gas extraction.
 
File:N1 19 September 1968.jpg|link=N1 rocket (nonfiction)|1969 Jul. 3: The biggest explosion in the history of rocketry occurs when the Soviet [[N1 rocket (nonfiction)|N1 rocket]] explodes and subsequently destroys its launchpad.
File:Wacław Sierpiński.jpg|link=Wacław Sierpiński (nonfiction)|1969 Oct. 21: Mathematician and academic [[Wacław Sierpiński (nonfiction)|Wacław Sierpiński]] dies. He made important contributions to set theory (research on the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis), number theory, theory of functions, and topology.
File:Vesto Slipher.gif|link=Vesto Slipher (nonfiction)|1969 Nov. 8: Astronomer [[Vesto Slipher (nonfiction)|Vesto Melvin Slipher]] dies.  He performed the first measurements of radial velocities for galaxies, providing the empirical basis for the expansion of the universe.
 
File:Earth Day Flag.png|link=Earth Day (nonfiction)|1970 Apr. 22: The first [[Earth Day (nonfiction)|Earth Day]] is celebrated.
File:Ralph Hartley.jpg|link=Ralph Hartley (nonfiction)|1970 May 1:  Electronics researcher [[Ralph Hartley (nonfiction)|Ralph Hartley]] dies.  He invented the Hartley oscillator and the Hartley transform, and contributed to the foundations of information theory.
File:Alice Hamilton.jpg|link=Alice Hamilton (nonfiction)|1970 Sep. 22: Physician, research scientist, and author [[Alice Hamilton (nonfiction)|Alice Hamilton]] dies. She was a leading expert in the field of occupational health and a pioneer in the field of industrial toxicology.
File:Sakata Shoichi.jpg|link=Shoichi Sakata (nonfiction)|1970 Oct. 16: Physicist [[Shoichi Sakata (nonfiction)|Shoichi Sakata]] dies. Sakata contributed theoretical work on the structure of the atom, proposing the Sakata model, an early precursor to the quark model. After World War II he campaigned for the peaceful uses of nuclear power.
 
File:Theodor Svedberg.jpg|link=Theodor Svedberg (nonfiction)|1971 Feb. 25: Chemist and academic [[Theodor Svedberg (nonfiction)|Theodor Svedberg]] dies. He was awarded the 1926 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his pioneering use of analytical ultracentrifugation to distinguish pure proteins from one another.
File:William C. Davidon.jpg|link=William C. Davidon (nonfiction)|1971 Mar. 8: Peace activists led by physicist and mathematician [[William C. Davidon (nonfiction)|William Cooper Davidon]] break into the FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania, making off with files.
File:Philo T Farnsworth.jpg|link=Philo Farnsworth (nonfiction)|1971 Mar. 11: Inventor [[Philo Farnsworth (nonfiction)|Philo Farnsworth]] dies. He made many crucial contributions to the early development of all-electronic television.
File:Mars 2 and 3.jpg|link=Mars 2 (nonfiction)|1971 May 19: The Soviet Union launches the [[Mars 2 (nonfiction)|Mars 2 spacecraft]]. The spacecraft will reach Mars, but the landing module will crash after failing to deploy its parachute.
File:Mariner 9.jpg|link=Mariner 9 (nonfiction)|1971 May 30: NASA launches the [[Mariner 9 (nonfiction)|Mariner 9]] spacecraft. It will map 70% of the surface of Mars, and study temporal changes in the atmosphere and surface.
File:Hanna Neumann.jpg|link=Hanna Neumann (nonfiction)|1971 Nov. 14: Mathematician and academic [[Hanna Neumann (nonfiction)|Hanna Neumann]] dies. She contributed to [[Group theory (nonfiction)|group theory]], co-authoring the important paper ''Wreath products and varieties of groups'' (with her husband Bernhard and eldest son Peter), and authoring the influential book ''Varieties of Groups''.
File:Mariner 9.jpg|link=Mariner 9 (nonfiction)|1971 Nov. 14: [[Mariner 9 (nonfiction)|Mariner 9]] enters orbit around Mars. It will map 70% of the surface, and study temporal changes in the atmosphere and surface.
File:Mars 2 and 3.jpg|link=Mars 2 (nonfiction)|1971 Nov. 27: The The [[Mars 2 (nonfiction)|Mars 2 landing module]] crashes on Mars after its parachute fails to deploy.
 
File:Richard Courant.jpg|link=Richard Courant (nonfiction)|1972 Jan. 27: Mathematician [[Richard Courant (nonfiction)|Richard Courant]] dies.  He co-wrote ''What is Mathematics?''.
File:Maria Goeppert-Mayer.jpg|link=Maria Goeppert-Mayer (nonfiction)|1972 Feb. 20: Physicist and academic [[Maria Goeppert-Mayer (nonfiction)|Maria Goeppert-Mayer]] dies. She developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells, for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963, which she shared with J. Hans D. Jensen and Eugene Wigner.
File:Hugo Steinhaus.jpg|link=Hugo Steinhaus (nonfiction)|1972 Feb. 25: Mathematician and academic [[Hugo Steinhaus (nonfiction)|Hugo Steinhaus]] dies. He "discovered" mathematician Stefan Banach, with whom he made notable contributions to functional analysis, including the Banach–Steinhaus theorem.
File:Nixon April-29-1974.jpg|link=Watergate scandal (nonfiction)|1972 June 17: [[Watergate scandal (nonfiction)|Watergate scandal]]: Five White House operatives are arrested for burgling the offices of the Democratic National Committee, in an attempt by some members of the Republican party to illegally wiretap the opposition.
File:Igor Sikorsky 1914.jpg|link=Igor Sikorsky (nonfiction)|1972 Oct. 26: Aircraft designer [[Igor Sikorsky (nonfiction)|Igor Sikorsky]] dies. He pioneered both helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft.
File:Mariner 9.jpg|link=Mariner 9 (nonfiction)|1972 Oct. 27: [[Mariner 9 (nonfiction)|Mariner 9]] spacecraft is switched off. During its mission, Mariner map 70% of the surface, and studied temporal changes in the atmosphere and surface.
 
File:Howard Aiken.jpg|link=Howard H. Aiken (nonfiction)|1973 Mar. 14: Physicist and computer scientist [[Howard H. Aiken (nonfiction)|Howard H. Aiken]] dies. He designed the  Harvard Mark I computer.
File:Robin Farquharson.jpg|link=Robin Farquharson (nonfiction)|1973 Apr. 1: Mathematician [[Robin Farquharson (nonfiction)|Robin Farquharson]] dies. He wrote an influential analysis of voting systems in his doctoral thesis, later published as ''Theory of Voting''.
 
File:Imre Lakatos.jpg|link=Imre Lakatos (nonfiction)|1974 Feb. 2: Mathematician, philosopher, and academic [[Imre Lakatos (nonfiction)|Imre Lakatos]] dies. He is known for his thesis of the fallibility of mathematics and its 'methodology of proofs and refutations' in its pre-axiomatic stages of development.
File:Mariner 10 diagram.jpg|link=Mariner 10 (nonfiction)|1974 Mar. 29: NASA's [[Mariner 10 (nonfiction)|Mariner 10]] becomes the first space probe to fly by Mercury.
File:Marguerite Perey.jpg|link=Marguerite Perey (nonfiction)|1974 May 13: Physicist and chemist [[Marguerite Perey (nonfiction)|Marguerite Perey]] dies. Perey discovered the element francium while purifying samples of lanthanum. File:Clyde Cowan.jpg|link=Clyde Cowan (nonfiction)|1974 May 24: Physicist [[Clyde Cowan (nonfiction)|Clyde Cowan]] dies. Cowan, along with Frederick Reines, discovered the neutrino in the 1956; Reines received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 in both their names.
File:Júlio César de Melo e Sousa.png|link=Júlio César de Mello e Souza (nonfiction)|1974 Jun. 18: Mathematician and academic [[Júlio César de Mello e Souza (nonfiction)|Júlio César de Mello e Souza]] dies. He is well known in Brazil and abroad by his books on recreational mathematics, most of them published under the pen names of Malba Tahan and Breno de Alencar Bianco.
File:Nixon April-29-1974.jpg|link=Watergate scandal (nonfiction)|1974 Jul. 24: [[Watergate scandal (nonfiction)|Watergate scandal]]: The United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled that President Richard Nixon did not have the authority to withhold subpoenaed White House tapes and they order him to surrender the tapes to the Watergate special prosecutor.
File:Nixon April-29-1974.jpg|link=Watergate scandal (nonfiction)|1974 Jul. 28: [[Watergate scandal (nonfiction)|Watergate scandal]]: The House of Representatives Judiciary Committee votes 27 to 11 to recommend the first article of impeachment (for obstruction of justice) against President Richard Nixon.
File:Nixon April-29-1974.jpg|link=Watergate scandal (nonfiction)|1974 Jul. 3: [[Watergate scandal (nonfiction)|Watergate scandal]]: U.S. President Richard Nixon releases subpoenaed White House recordings after being ordered to do so by the Supreme Court of the United States.
File:Philippe_Petit.jpg|link=Philippe Petit World Trade Center walk (nonfiction)|1974 Aug. 11: High-wire artist Philippe Petit [[Philippe Petit World Trade Center walk (nonfiction)|performs a high wire act between the twin towers of the World Trade Center]].
File:Jan Tschichold (1963) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg|link=Jan Tschichold (nonfiction)|1974 Aug. 11: Graphic designer and typographer [[Jan Tschichold (nonfiction)|Jan Tschichold]] dies. He was a leading advocate of Modernist design, but later condemn Modernist design in general as being authoritarian and inherently fascistic.
File:Charles Lindbergh.jpg|link=Charles Lindbergh (nonfiction)|1974 Aug. 26: Pilot and explorer [[Charles Lindbergh (nonfiction)|Charles Lindbergh]] dies. At age 25 in 1927 he went from obscurity as a U.S. Air Mail pilot to instantaneous world fame by making his Orteig Prize–winning nonstop flight from Long Island, New York, to Paris.
File:Winfried Otto Schumann.jpg|link=Winfried Otto Schumann (nonfiction)|1974 Sep. 22: Physicist [[Winfried Otto Schumann (nonfiction)|Winfried Otto Schumann]] dies. He predicted the existence of Schumann resonances, a series of low-frequency resonances caused by lightning discharges in the atmosphere.
 
File:William_D._Coolidge.jpg|link=William D. Coolidge (nonfiction)|1975 Feb. 5: Physicist and engineer [[William D. Coolidge (nonfiction)|William D. Coolidge]] dies. He made major contributions to X-ray machines, and developed ductile tungsten for incandescent light bulbs.
File:G I Taylor.jpg|link=G. I. Taylor (nonfiction)|1975 Jun. 27: Mathematician and physicist [[G. I. Taylor (nonfiction)|G. I. Taylor]] dies. He made major contributions to fluid dynamics and wave theory.
File:Viking orbiter.jpg|link=Viking 2 (nonfiction)|1975 Sep. 9: Viking program: [[Viking 2 (nonfiction)|Viking 2]] launched. Following a 333-day cruise to Mars, the Viking orbiter will begin returning global images of Mars.
File:Richard Sharpe Shaver.jpg|link=Richard Sharpe Shaver (nonfiction)|1975 Nov. 7: Author and illustrator [[Richard Sharpe Shaver (nonfiction)|Richard Sharpe Shaver]] dies. He wrote stories in which he claims that he had personal experience of a sinister, ancient civilization that harbors fantastic technology in caverns under the earth.
 
File:Werner Heisenberg.jpg|link=Werner Heisenberg (nonfiction)|1976 Feb. 1: Physicist and academic [[Werner Heisenberg (nonfiction)|Werner Heisenberg]] dies. He introduced the [[Uncertainty principle (nonfiction)|uncertainty principle]] -- in quantum mechanics, any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle can be known.
File:Harry Nyquist.jpg|link=Harry Nyquist (nonfiction)|1976 Apr. 4: Engineer and theorist [[Harry Nyquist (nonfiction)|Harry Nyquist]] dies. He did early theoretical work on determining the bandwidth requirements for transmitting information, laying the foundations for later advances by Claude Shannon, which led to the development of information theory.
File:Howard Hughes 1940s.jpg|link=Howard Hughes (nonfiction)|1976 Apr. 5: Businessman, investor, aviator, film director, and philanthropist [[Howard Hughes (nonfiction)|Howard Hughes]] dies. He was known during his lifetime as one of the most financially successful individuals in the world.
File:Viking orbiter.jpg|link=Viking 2 (nonfiction)|1976 Aug. 7: Viking program: [[Viking 2 (nonfiction)|Viking 2]] inserted into a 1500 x 33,000 km, 24.6 h orbit around Mars.
File:Viking orbiter.jpg|link=Viking 2 (nonfiction)|1976 Sep. 3: Viking program: The [[Viking 2 (nonfiction)|Viking 2]] spacecraft lands at Utopia Planitia on Mars.
File:Pál Turán.jpg|link=Pál Turán (nonfiction)|1976 Sep. 26: Mathematician [[Pál Turán (nonfiction)|Pál Turán]] dies. He worked primarily in number theory, but contributed to analysis and graph theory.
File:Viking orbiter.jpg|link=Viking 2 (nonfiction)|1976 Oct 5: Viking program: The [[Viking 2 (nonfiction)|Viking 2]] orbiter primary mission ends at the beginning of solar conjunction. The extended mission will commence on 14 December 1976 after solar conjunction.
File:Pekka Myrberg.jpg|link=Pekka Myrberg (nonfiction)|1976 Nov. 8: Mathematician [[Pekka Myrberg (nonfiction)|Pekka Myrberg]] born. He did fundamental work on the iteration of rational functions (especially quadratic functions), developing the concept of period-doubling. Myrberg's research revived interest in the results of Gaston Julia and Pierre Fatou.
File:Viking orbiter.jpg|link=Viking 2 (nonfiction)|1976 Dec. 14: Viking program: The [[Viking 2 (nonfiction)|Viking 2]] orbiter begins its extended mission.
 
Optical_fibers.jpg|link=Optical fiber (nonfiction)|1977 Apr. 22: [[Optical fiber (nonfiction)|Optical fiber]] is first used to carry live telephone traffic.
File:Gabriel Sudan 1932.jpg|link=Gabriel Sudan (nonfiction)|1977 Jun. 22: Mathematician [[Gabriel Sudan (nonfiction)|Gabriel Sudan]] dies. He discovered the Sudan function, an important example in the theory of computation, similar to the Ackermann function.
File:MKUltra proposal.jpg|link=Project MKUltra (nonfiction)|1977 Jul. 20: [[Project MKUltra (nonfiction)|Project MKUltra]]: The Central Intelligence Agency releases documents under the Freedom of Information Act revealing it had engaged in mind-control experiments.
File:Wow signal.jpg|link=Wow! signal (nonfiction)|1977 Aug. 15: The Big Ear, a radio telescope operated by Ohio State University as part of the SETI project, receives a radio signal from deep space; the event is named the "[[Wow! signal (nonfiction)|Wow! signal]]" from the notation made by a volunteer on the project.
File:Hugo Gernsback by Bachrach.jpg|link=Hugo Gernsback (nonfiction)|1967 Aug. 19: Inventor, writer, editor, and publisher [[Hugo Gernsback (nonfiction)|Hugo Gernsback]] dies. He published the first science fiction magazine, and had a profound influence on the development of science fiction.
File:Voyager spacecraft diagram.png|link=Voyager 1 (nonfiction)|1977 Sep. 5: [[Voyager 1 (nonfiction)|Voyager 1]] spacecraft launches.  It will visit Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn's large moon Titan.
File:Voyager spacecraft diagram.png|link=Voyager 1 (nonfiction)|1977 Sep. 18: [[Voyager 1 (nonfiction)|Voyager 1]] takes first photograph of the Earth and the Moon together.
File:Petrozavodsk phenomenon photo copy.jpg|link=Petrozavodsk phenomenon (nonfiction)|1977 Sep. 20: A series of celestial events occurs, with sightings reported over a vast territory, from Copenhagen and Helsinki in the west to Vladivostok in the east. It is commonly known as the [[Petrozavodsk phenomenon (nonfiction)|The Petrozavodsk phenomenon]] after the city of Petrozavodsk in Russia (then in the Soviet Union), where a glowing object which showered the city with numerous rays was widely reported. The nature of the phenomenon is disputed.
 
File:Kurt Gödel.jpg|link=Kurt Gödel (nonfiction)|1978 Jan. 14: Mathematician, philosopher, and academic [[Kurt Gödel (nonfiction)|Kurt Gödel]] dies. His two incompleteness theorems had an immense impact upon scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century.
File:Gaston_Julia.jpg|link=Gaston Julia (nonfiction)|1978 Mar. 19: Mathematician [[Gaston Julia (nonfiction)|Gaston Maurice Julia]] dies. He devised the formula for the Julia set.
Optical_fibers.jpg|link=Optical fiber (nonfiction)|1978 Apr. 22: [[Optical fiber (nonfiction)|Optical fiber]] is first used to carry live [[Telephone (nonfiction)|telephone]] traffic.
File:Viking orbiter.jpg|link=Viking 2 (nonfiction)|1978 Jul. 25: Viking program: The [[Viking 2 (nonfiction)|Viking 2]] orbiter is turned off after returning almost 16,000 images in about 700–706 orbits around Mars.
 
File:Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin.jpg|link=Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (nonfiction)|1979 Dec. 7: Astronomer and astrophysicist [[Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (nonfiction)|Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin]] dies. Her doctoral thesis established that hydrogen is the overwhelming constituent of stars, and accordingly the most abundant element in the universe.
 
File:Viking orbiter.jpg|link=Viking 2 (nonfiction)|1980 Oct. 11: Viking program: After operating on the surface of Mars for 1316 days (1281 sols), the [[Viking 2 (nonfiction)|Viking 2]] lander is turned off when its batteries fail.
File:Lake Peigneur waterfall.png|link=Lake Peigneur (nonfiction)|1980 Nov. 20: [[Lake Peigneur (nonfiction)|Lake Peigneur]] drains into an underlying salt deposit. A misplaced Texaco oil probe had been drilled into the Diamond Crystal Salt Mine, causing water to flow down into the mine, eroding the edges of the hole.
File:Voyager spacecraft diagram.png|link=Voyager 1 (nonfiction)|1980 Nov. 20: [[Voyager 1 (nonfiction)|Voyager 1]] flies by Saturn, completing its primary mission. 
 
File:Walter_Heitler.jpg|link=Walter Heitler (nonfiction)|1981 Nov. 15: Physicist and chemist [[Walter Heitler (nonfiction)|Walter Heinrich Heitler]] dies. He made contributions to quantum electrodynamics and quantum field theory, bringing chemistry under quantum mechanics through his theory of valence bonding.
 
File:Hugh Everett III.jpg|link=Hugh Everett III (nonfiction)|1982 Jul. 19: Physicist [[Hugh Everett III (nonfiction)|Hugh Everett III]] dies. He proposed the many-worlds interpretation (MWI) of quantum physics.
File:Florence Violet McKenzie in WESC uniform.jpg|link=Florence Violet McKenzie (nonfiction)|1982 May 23: Electrical engineer [[Florence Violet McKenzie (nonfiction)|Florence Violet McKenzie]] dies. She was Australia's first female electrical engineer, founder of the Women's Emergency Signalling Corps (WESC), and lifelong promoter for technical education for women.
File:Haskell Brooks Curry.jpg|link=Haskell Curry (nonfiction)|1982 Sep. 1: Mathematician and academic [[Haskell Curry (nonfiction)|Haskell Curry]] dies. He is known for his work in combinatory logic.
 
File:Pioneer 10 construction.jpg|link=Pioneer 10 (nonfiction)|1983 Apr. 25: [[Pioneer 10 (nonfiction)|Pioneer 10]] travels beyond Pluto's orbit.
File:John Bodkin Adams 1940s.jpg|link=John Bodkin Adams (nonfiction)|1983 Jul. 4: Physician, confidence trickster, and suspected serial killer [[John Bodkin Adams (nonfiction)|John Bodkin Adams]] dies.
File:Alfred Tarski 1968.jpg|link=Alfred Tarski (nonfiction)|1983 Oct. 26: Mathematician and philosopher [[Alfred Tarski (nonfiction)|Alfred Tarski]] dies. He was a prolific author, contributing to model theory, metamathematics, algebraic logic, abstract algebra, topology, geometry, measure theory, mathematical logic, set theory, and analytic philosophy.
 
File:Harald Cramér.jpg|link=Harald Cramér (nonfiction)|1985 Oct. 5: Mathematician and statistician [[Harald Cramér (nonfiction)|Harald Cramér]] dies. He helped found probability theory as a branch of mathematics, writing in 1926: "The probability concept should be introduced by a purely mathematical definition, from which its fundamental properties and the classical theorems are deduced by purely mathematical operations."
File:Gordon Welchman.jpg|link=Gordon Welchman (nonfiction)|1985 Oct. 8: Mathematician, cryptographer, and author [[Gordon Welchman (nonfiction)|Gordon Welchman]] dies. During the Second World War, he developed traffic analysis techniques for breaking German codes.
File:Mir.jpg|link=Mir (nonfiction)|1986 Feb 20: The Soviet Union launches its [[Mir (nonfiction)|Mir spacecraft]]. Remaining in orbit for 15 years, it is occupied for ten of those years.
 
File:Chernobyl disaster.jpg|link=Chernobyl disaster (nonfiction)|1986 Apr. 29: [[Chernobyl disaster (nonfiction)|Chernobyl disaster]]: American and European spy satellites capture the ruins of the 4th Reactor at the Chernobyl Power Plant.
File:Chernobyl disaster.jpg|link=Chernobyl disaster (nonfiction)|1986 May 2: [[Chernobyl disaster (nonfiction)|Chernobyl disaster]]: The City of Chernobyl is evacuated six days after the disaster.
File:Jorge Luis Borges.jpg|link=Jorge Luis Borges (nonfiction)|1986 Jun. 14: Short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator [[Jorge Luis Borges (nonfiction)|Jorge Luis Borges]] dies. His best-known books, ''Ficciones'' (''Fictions'') and ''El Aleph'' (''The Aleph''), published in the 1940s, are compilations of short stories interconnected by common themes, including dreams, labyrinths, libraries, mirrors, fictional writers, philosophy, and religion.
 
File:Andy Warhol.jpg|link=Andy Warhol (nonfiction)|1987 Feb 22: Artist [[Andy Warhol (nonfiction)|Andy Warhol]] dies. He was a leading figure in the [[Pop art (nonfiction)|Pop art]] movement.
File:Louis de Broglie.jpg|link=Louis de Broglie (nonfiction)|1987 Mar. 19: Physicist and academic [[Louis de Broglie (nonfiction)|Louis de Broglie]] dies.  He postulated the wave nature of electrons and suggested that all matter has wave properties. He won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1929, after the wave-like behavior of matter was first experimentally demonstrated in 1927.
File:Walter Houser Brattain.jpg|link=Walter Houser Brattain (nonfiction)|1987 Oct. 13: Physicist and academic [[Walter Houser Brattain (nonfiction)|Walter Houser Brattain]] dies. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 "for research on semiconductors and the discovery of the transistor effect."
File:Andrey Kolmogorov.jpg|link=Andrey Kolmogorov (nonfiction)|1987 Oct. 20: Mathematician and academic [[Andrey Kolmogorov (nonfiction)|Andrey Kolmogorov]] dies. He made significant contributions to the mathematics of probability theory, topology, intuitionistic logic, turbulence, classical mechanics, algorithmic information theory and computational complexity.
File:Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich postage stamp.jpg|link=Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich (nonfiction)|1987 Dec. 2: Physicist, astronomer, and cosmologist [[Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich (nonfiction)|Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich]] dies. He played a crucial role in the development of the Soviet Union's nuclear bomb project, associated closely in nuclear weapons testing to study the effects of nuclear explosion from 1943 until 1963.
 
File:Werner Fenchel.jpg|link=Werner Fenchel (nonfiction)|1988 Jan. 24: Mathematician and academic [[Werner Fenchel (nonfiction)|Werner Fenchel]] dies. He established the basic results of convex analysis and nonlinear optimization theory which would, in time, serve as the foundation for nonlinear programming.
File:Dorothy Lewis Bernstein.jpg|link=Dorothy Lewis Bernstein (nonfiction)|1988 Feb. 5: Mathematician [[Dorothy Lewis Bernstein (nonfiction)|Dorothy Lewis Bernstein]] dies. She was the first woman to be elected president of the Mathematics Association of America.
 
File:Marhall Harvey Stone Zurich 1932.jpg|link=Marshall Harvey Stone (nonfiction)|1989 Jan. 9: Mathematician [[Marshall Harvey Stone (nonfiction)|Marshall Harvey Stone]] dies. He contributed to real analysis, functional analysis, topology, and the study of Boolean algebra structures.
File:William Shockley.jpg|link=William Shockley (nonfiction)|1989 Aug. 12: Physicist and inventor [[William Shockley (nonfiction)|William Shockley]] dies. He shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the [[Point-contact transistor (nonfiction)|point-contact transistor]].
File:Norman F. Ramsey Jr.jpg|link=Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. (nonfiction)|2011 Nov. 4: Physicist [[Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. (nonfiction)|Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.]] dies.  He was awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the separated oscillatory field method, which has important applications in the construction of atomic clocks.
 
File:Pavel Cherenkov.jpg|link=Pavel Cherenkov (nonfiction)|1990 Jan. 6: Physicist and academic [[Pavel Cherenkov (nonfiction)|Pavel Cherenkov]] dies. Cherenkov shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in physics in 1958 with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery of Cherenkov radiation, made in 1934.
File:Gerald Bull 1964.jpg|link=Gerald  Bull (nonfiction)|1990 Mar. 22:  Engineer [[Gerald  Bull (nonfiction)|Gerald  Bull]] assassinated. He attempted to build artillery guns which could launch satellites into orbit.
File:Tim Berners-Lee (2009).jpg|link=Tim Berners-Lee (nonfiction)|1990 Nov. 12: [[Tim Berners-Lee (nonfiction)|Tim Berners-Lee]] publishes a formal proposal for the World Wide Web.
File:Robert Hofstadter.jpg|link=Robert Hofstadter (nonfiction)|1990 Nov. 17: Physicist and academic [[Robert Hofstadter (nonfiction)|Robert Hofstadter]] dies. He shared the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics (together with [[Rudolf Mössbauer (nonfiction)|Rudolf Mössbauer]]) "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his consequent discoveries concerning the structure of nucleons".
 
File:Isaac Asimov.jpg|link=Isaac Asimov (nonfiction)|1992 Apr. 6: Writer [[Isaac Asimov (nonfiction)|Isaac Asimov]] dies. He was considered one of the "Big Three" science fiction writers during his lifetime.
File:Gerard_O'Neill.gif|link=Gerard K. O'Neill (nonfiction)|1992 Apr. 27: Physicist and space activist [[Gerard K. O'Neill (nonfiction)|Gerard Kitchen O'Neill]] dies. He invented particle storage rings and the mass drivers; in the 1970s he developed a plan to build human settlements in outer space.
File:Mars Observer diagram.png|link=Mars Observer (nonfiction)|1992 Sep. 25: NASA launches the [[Mars Observer (nonfiction)|Mars Observer]], a $511 million probe to Mars, in the first U.S. mission to the planet in 17 years. The probe will fail eleven months later.
 
File:Charles Critchfield ID badge.gif|link=Charles Critchfield (nonfiction)|1994 Feb. 12: Mathematical physicist [[Charles Critchfield (nonfiction)|Charles Critchfield]] dies. He worked on the Manhattan Project, designing and testing the "Urchin" neutron initiator which provided the burst of neutrons that kick-started the nuclear detonation of the Fat Man weapon.
File:George Metesky.jpg|link=George Metesky (nonfiction)|1994 May 23: [[George Metesky (nonfiction)|George P. Metesky]] dies.  He terrorized New York City for 16 years in the 1940s and 1950s with explosives that he planted in theaters, terminals, libraries, and offices.
File:Solomon Kullback.jpg|link=Solomon Kullback (nonfiction)|1994 Aug. 5: Cryptanalyst and mathematician [[Solomon Kullback (nonfiction)|Solomon Kullback]] dies. Krullback began his career with the US Army's Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) in the 1930s; when the National Security Agency (NSA) was formed in 1952, Rowlett become chief of cryptanalysis, overseeing the research and development of computerized cryptanalysis.
File:Karl Popper.jpg|link=Karl Popper (nonfiction)|1994 Sep. 17: Philosopher and academic [[Karl Popper (nonfiction)|Karl Popper]] dies. He is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method, in favor of empirical falsification: A theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven, but it can be falsified, meaning that it can and should be scrutinized by decisive experiments.
File:Paul Lorenzen.jpg|link=Paul Lorenzen (nonfiction)|1994 Oct. 3: Mathematician and philosopher [[Paul Lorenzen (nonfiction)|Paul Lorenzen]] dies. He was the founder of the Erlangen School (with Wilhelm Kamlah) and inventor of game semantics (with Kuno Lorenz).
 
File:Kh-4b corona.jpg|link=Corona (satellite) (nonfiction)|1995 Feb. 22: The [[Corona (satellite) (nonfiction)|Corona reconnaissance satellite program]], in existence from 1959 to 1972, is declassified.
File:John_Lighton_Synge.jpg|link=John Lighton Synge (nonfiction)|1995 Mar. 30: Mathematician, physicist, and academic [[John Lighton Synge (nonfiction)|John Lighton Synge]] dies. He was a prolific author and influential mentor, and is credited with the introduction of a new geometrical approach to the theory of relativity.
File:Marion Tinsley.jpg|link=Marion Tinsley (nonfiction)|1995 Apr. 3: Mathematician and checkers player [[Marion Tinsley (nonfiction)|Marion Tinsley]] dies. Tinsley was "to checkers what Leonardo da Vinci was to science, what Michelangelo was to art and what Beethoven was to music."
File:Roger Zelazny 1988.jpg|link=Roger Zelazny (nonfiction)|1995 Jun. 14: Writer [[Roger Zelazny (nonfiction)|Roger Zelazny]] dies. He won the Nebula award three times, and the Hugo award six times.
File:John Atanasov.gif|link=John Vincent Atanasoff (nonfiction)|1995 Jun. 15: Physicist, inventor, and academic [[John Vincent Atanasoff (nonfiction)|John Vincent Atanasoff]] dies. He invented the Atanasoff–Berry computer, the first electronic digital computer.
File:Alonzo Church.jpg|link=Alonzo Church (nonfiction)|1995 Aug. 11: Mathematician and logician [[Alonzo Church (nonfiction)|Alonzo Church]] dies. He made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science.
File:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.png|link=Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (nonfiction)|1995 Aug. 21: Astrophysicist, astronomer, and mathematician [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (nonfiction)|Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] dies. He shared the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars".
File:Olga Taussky-Todd.jpg|link=Olga Taussky-Todd (nonfiction)|1995 Oct. 7: Mathematician and academic [[Olga Taussky-Todd (nonfiction)|Olga Taussky-Todd]] dies. She contributed to matrix theory (in particular the computational stability of complex matrices), algebraic number theory, group theory, and numerical analysis.
File:Konrad Zuse (1992).jpg|link=Konrad Zuse (nonfiction)|1995 Dec. 18: Engineer, inventor, and pioneering computer scientist [[Konrad Zuse (nonfiction)|Konrad Zuse]] dies. He invent the Z3, the world's first working programmable, fully automatic computer.
File:Nathan Rosen.jpg|link=Nathan Rosen (nonfiction)|1995 Dec. 18: Physicist [[Nathan Rosen (nonfiction)|Nathan Rosen]] dies.  He developed the idea of the Einstein–Rosen bridge, later named the wormhole.
 
File:Sir Charles Oatley.jpg|link=Charles Oatley (nonfiction)|1996 Mar. 11: Engineer and inventor [[Charles Oatley (nonfiction)|Charles William Oatley]] dies. He developed of one of the first commercial scanning electron microscopes.
File:Piet Hein and H.C. Andersen.jpg|link=Piet Hein (nonfiction)|1996 Apr. 17: Mathematician, author, and poet [[Piet Hein (nonfiction)|Piet Hein]] dies. He proposeD the use of superellipses in architecture; superellipses subsequently became the hallmark of modern Scandinavian architecture.
File:Paul Erdős.jpg|link=Paul Erdős (nonfiction)|1996 Sep. 20: Mathematician and academic [[Paul Erdős (nonfiction)|Paul Erdős]] dies. He firmly believed mathematics to be a social activity, living an itinerant lifestyle with the sole purpose of writing mathematical papers with other mathematicians.
File:Abdus Salam 1987.jpg|link=Abdus Salam (nonfiction)|1996 Nov. 21: Theoretical physicist [[Abdus Salam (nonfiction)|Mohammad Abdus Salam]] dies. He shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics with Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg for his contribution to the electroweak unification theory.
 
File:Clyde W. Tombaugh.jpg|link=Clyde Tombaugh (nonfiction)|1997 Jan. 17: Astronomer and academic [[Clyde Tombaugh (nonfiction)|Clyde Tombaugh]] dies. He discovered Pluto, as well as many asteroids.
File:Jordan Carson Mark.gif|link=J. Carson Mark (nonfiction)|1997 Mar. 2: Mathematician [[J. Carson Mark (nonfiction)|Jordan Carson Mark]] dies. He oversaw the development of nuclear weapons for the US military, including the hydrogen bomb in the 1950s.
File:Eugene Shoemaker.jpg|link=Eugene Merle Shoemaker (nonfiction)|1997 Jul. 18: Geologist and astronomer [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker (nonfiction)|Eugene Merle Shoemaker]] dies. Shoemaker was the first scientist to conclude that Barringer Meteor Crater in Arizona, and similar craters, were caused by meteor impact.
File:Eugene Shoemaker.jpg|link=Eugene Merle Shoemaker (nonfiction)|1997 Jul. 18: Geologist and astronomer [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker (nonfiction)|Eugene Merle Shoemaker]] dies. Shoemaker was the first scientist to conclude that Barringer Meteor Crater in Arizona, and similar craters, were caused by meteor impact.
File:Kodaira Kunihiko.jpg|link=Kunihiko Kodaira (nonfiction)|1997 Jul. 26: Mathematician and academic [[Kunihiko Kodaira (nonfiction)|Kunihiko Kodaira]] dies. He did distinguished work in algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, winning the Fields medal in 1954.
 
File:Samuel Eilenberg 1970.jpg|link=Samuel Eilenberg (nonfiction)|1998 Jan. 30: Mathematician [[Samuel Eilenberg (nonfiction)|Samuel Eilenberg]] dies.  He co-founded category theory with Saunders Mac Lane, and proposed the Eilenberg swindle (a construction applying the telescoping cancellation idea to projective modules).
File:Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright.jpg|link=Mary Cartwright (nonfiction)|1998 Apr. 3: Mathematician and academic [[Mary Cartwright (nonfiction)|Mary Cartwright]] dies. She did pioneering work in [[Chaos theory (nonfiction)|chaos theory]].
File:Harry Lehmann.jpg|link=Harry Lehmann (nonfiction)|1998 Nov. 22: Physicist [[Harry Lehmann (nonfiction)|Harry Lehmann]] dies. He contributed to the LSZ reduction formula and the Källén–Lehmann spectral representation.
File:Kerry Wendell Thornley.jpg|link=Kerry Wendell Thornley (nonfiction)|1998 Nov. 28: Philosopher and author [[Kerry Wendell Thornley (nonfiction)|Kerry Wendell Thornley]] dies. His 1962 manuscript, ''The Idle Warriors'', written prior to the 1963 assassination of John F. Kennedy, is based on the activities of his acquaintance Lee Harvey Oswald.
File:André_Lichnerowicz.jpg|link=André Lichnerowicz (nonfiction)|1998 Dec. 11: Physicist and mathematician [[André Lichnerowicz (nonfiction)|André Lichnerowicz]] dies. He worked in differential geometry and mathematical physics.
 
File:Stardust at comet Wild 2.jpg|link=Stardust (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|1999 Feb. 7: NASA launches the spacecraft [[Stardust (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Stardust]]. On January 2, 2004 it will fly by comet Wild 2, collecting dust samples which will return to earth on 15 January 2006.
File:Glenn Seaborg.jpg|link=Glenn T. Seaborg (nonfiction)|1999 Feb. 25: Chemist [[Glenn T. Seaborg (nonfiction)|Glenn T. Seaborg]] dies. He shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the synthesis, discovery, and investigation of transuranium elements.
File:Nicholas Metropolis.png|link=Nicholas Metropolis (nonfiction)|1999 Oct. 17: Mathematician and physicist [[Nicholas Metropolis (nonfiction)|Nicholas Metropolis]] dies. He led the team of researchers which developed the Monte Carlo method.
File:Nathan Jacobson.jpg|link=Nathan Jacobson (nonfiction)|1999 Dec. 5: Mathematician [[Nathan Jacobson (nonfiction)|Nathan Jacobson]] dies. He conducted research on the structure theory of rings without finiteness conditions--a subject closely related to the theory of algebras--which transformed the approach to classical results and broke ground for solutions to problems inaccessible by previous methods.
</gallery>
 
2000s
 
<gallery>
John_Tukey.jpg|link=John Tukey (nonfiction)|2000 Jul.26: Mathematician and academic [[John Tukey (nonfiction)|John Tukey]] dies. He made important contributions to statistical analysis, including the box plot.
File:Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley.jpg|link=H. L. Hunley (nonfiction)|2000 Aug. 8: Confederate submarine [[H. L. Hunley (nonfiction)|H. L. Hunley]] is raised to the surface after 136 years on the ocean floor and 30 years after its discovery by undersea explorer E. Lee Spence.
 
File:Tom Kilburn.jpg|link=Tom Kilburn (nonfiction)|2001 Jan. 17: Mathematician and computer scientist [[Tom Kilburn (nonfiction)|Tom Kilburn]] dies. Over the course of a productive 30-year career, he was involved in the development of five computers of great historical significance.
File:Claude Shannon.jpg|link=Claude Shannon (nonfiction)|2001 Feb. 24: Mathematician, engineer, and information scientist [[Claude Shannon (nonfiction)|Claude Shannon]] dies. He is known as "the father of information theory".
File:Mir.jpg|link=Mir (nonfiction)|2001 March 23: The [[Mir (nonfiction)|Mir spacecraft]] is de-orbited. It had been in orbit for 15 years, it was occupied for ten of those years.
File:Clifford Shull 1949.jpg|link=Clifford Shull (nonfiction)|2001 Mar. 31: Physicist and academic [[Clifford Shull (nonfiction)|Clifford Shull]] dies. He shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics with Bertram Brockhouse for the development of the neutron scattering technique.
File:Jacques-Louis Lions.jpg|link=Jacques-Louis Lions (nonfiction)|2001 May 17: Mathematician [[Jacques-Louis Lions (nonfiction)|Jacques-Louis Lions]] dies.  He made contributions to the theory of partial differential equations and to stochastic control.
File:Genesis spacecraft in collection mode.jpg|link=Genesis (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|2001 Aug. 8: NASA launches its unmanned spacecraft ''[[Genesis (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Genesis]]''. The return capsule will crash-land in Utah on September 8, 2004, after a design flaw prevents the deployment of its drogue parachute.
File:Genesis spacecraft in collection mode.jpg|link=Genesis (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|2001 Dec. 3: The ''[[Genesis (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Genesis]]'' spacecraft exposes its collector arrays, beginning collection of solar wind particles. The collection process will end after 850 days, on April 1, 2004, with the spacecraft completing five halo loops around L1.
File:Betty Holberton.jpg|link=Betty Holberton (nonfiction)|2001 Dec. 8: Pioneering computer scientist and programmer [[Betty Holberton (nonfiction)|Betty Holberton]] dies. She was one of the six original programmers of ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, and was the inventor of breakpoints in computer debugging.
 
File:M._S._Bartlett.png|link=M. S. Bartlett (nonfiction)|2002 Jan. 7: Statistician [[M. S. Bartlett (nonfiction)|Maurice Stevenson Bartlett]] dies. Bartlett made particular contributions to the analysis of data with spatial and temporal patterns, and is also known for his work in the theory of statistical inference and in multivariate analysis.
File:W._T._Tutte.jpg|link=W. T. Tutte|2002 May 2: Mathematician, codebreaker, and academic [[W. T. Tutte (nonfiction)|W. T. Tutte]] dies. During the Second World War, he made a brilliant and fundamental advance in cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, a major Nazi German cipher system.
 
File:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter.jpg|link=Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter (nonfiction)|2003 Mar. 31: Mathematician and academic [[Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter (nonfiction)|Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter]] dies.  He was one of the greatest geometers of the 20th century.
File:RFC 3514 IP EVIL INTENT.jpg|link=Evil bit (nonfiction)|2003 Apr. 1: Steve Bellovin publishes Request for Comment 5314, subsequently known as the [[Evil bit (nonfiction)|evil bit]] protocol, a humorous April Fool's Day proposal.
File:Anita Borg.jpg|link=Anita Borg (nonfiction)|2003 Apr. 6: Computer scientist [[Anita Borg (nonfiction)|Anita Borg]] dies.  She founded Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology.
File:Armand Borel.jpg|link=Armand Borel (nonfiction)|2003 Aug. 11: Mathematician and academic [[Armand Borel (nonfiction)|Armand Borel]] dies. He worked in algebraic topology, and in the theory of Lie groups, contributing to the creation of the contemporary theory of linear algebraic groups.
 
 
File:Edward Teller 1958.jpg|link=Edward Teller (nonfiction)|2003 Sep. 9: Theoretical physicist and academic [[Edward Teller (nonfiction)|Edward Teller]] dies. He is known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb", although he did not care for the epithet.
 
File:Stardust at comet Wild 2.jpg|link=Stardust (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|2004 Jan. 2: The robotic spacecraft [[Stardust (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Stardust]] flies by comet Wild 2, collecting dust samples which will return to Earth on 15 January 2006.
File:Genesis spacecraft in collection mode.jpg|link=Genesis (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|2004 Apr. 1: After collecting solar wind particles for 850 days, the ''[[Genesis (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Genesis]]'' ends its collection process. The ''Genesis'' return capsule will crash land in Utah on September 8, 2004, after a design flaw prevents the deployment of its drogue parachute.
File:John Hadji Argyris.jpg|link=John Argyris (nonfiction)|2004 Apr. 2: Computer scientist, engineer, and academic [[John Argyris (nonfiction)|John Argyris]] dies. A pioneer of computer applications in science and engineering, Argyris was among the creators of the finite element method.
File:Derek Taunt.jpg|link=Derek Taunt (nonfiction)|2004 Jul. 15: Mathematician [[Derek Taunt (nonfiction)|Derek Taunt]] dies. He worked as a codebreaker at Bletchley Park during World War II. Taunt was assigned to Hut 6, the section in charge of decrypting German Army and Air Force Enigma signals. After his wartime work, he returned to Cambridge, and worked on group theory.
File:Genesis spacecraft in collection mode.jpg|link=Genesis (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|2004 Sep. 8: NASA's unmanned spacecraft ''[[Genesis (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Genesis]]'' crash-lands when its parachute fails to open.
File:David Wheeler.jpg|link=David Wheeler (nonfiction)|2004 Dec. 13: Computer scientist and academic [[David Wheeler (nonfiction)|David Wheeler]] dies. He contributed to the development of the Electronic delay storage automatic calculator (EDSAC) and the Burrows–Wheeler transform (BWT); helped develop the subroutine; and gave the first explanation of how to design software libraries.
 
File:Jef Raskin holding Canon Cat model.png|link=Jef Raskin (nonfiction)|2005 Feb. 26: Computer scientist [[Jef Raskin (nonfiction)|Jef Raskin]] dies.  He was a human–computer interface expert best known for conceiving and starting the Macintosh project for Apple in the late 1970s.
File:Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter.jpg|link=Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (nonfiction)|2005 Aug. 12: The ''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (nonfiction)|Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' (MRO) is launched. MRO contains a host of scientific instruments such as cameras, spectrometers, and radar, which will be used to analyze the landforms, stratigraphy, minerals, and ice of Mars.
File:Gordon Gould.jpg|link=Gordon Gould (nonfiction)|2005 Sep. 16: Physicist and academic [[Gordon Gould (nonfiction)|Gordon Gould]] dies. He invented and named the laser.
File:Richard Smalley.jpg|link=Richard Smalley (nonfiction)|2005 Oct. 28: Chemist and academic [[Richard Smalley (nonfiction)|Richard Smalley]] dies. Along with colleagues Robert Curl and Harold Kroto, he was awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of a new form of carbon, buckminsterfullerene, also known as buckyballs.
File:Venus Express in orbit.jpg|link=Venus Express (nonfiction)|2005 Nov. 9: The [[Venus Express (nonfiction)|Venus Express]] mission of the European Space Agency is launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
File:Venus Express in orbit.jpg|link=Venus Express (nonfiction)|2005 Nov. 11: The [[Venus Express (nonfiction)|Venus Express]] successfully performs its first trajectory correction maneuver.
 
File:Stardust at comet Wild 2.jpg|link=Stardust (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|2006 Jan. 15: A capsule of dust samples collected by the spacecraft [[Stardust (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Stardust]] returns to Earth.
File:Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter.jpg|link=Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (nonfiction)|2006 Mar. 10: The ''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (nonfiction)|Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' arrives at [[Mars (nonfiction)|Mars]].
File:Venus Express in orbit.jpg|link=Venus Express (nonfiction)|2006 Apr. 11: The [[Venus Express (nonfiction)|Venus Express]] spacecraft arrives at Venus after 153 days of journey, and begins continuously sending back science data from its polar orbit around Venus.
File:Henriette_Avram.jpg|link=Henriette Avram (nonfiction)|2006 Apr. 22: Computer scientist and academic [[Henriette Avram (nonfiction)|Henriette Avram]] dies. She developed the MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging) format, the international data standard for bibliographic and holdings information in libraries.
File:James Van Allen.jpg|link=James Van Allen (nonfiction)|2006 Aug. 9: Physicist and philosopher [[James Van Allen (nonfiction)|James Van Allen]] dies. The Van Allen radiation belts are named after him, following their discovery by his Geiger–Müller tube instruments aboard satellites in 1958.
File:Paul Halmos.jpg|link=Paul Halmos (nonfiction)|2006 Oct. 2: Mathematician and academic [[Paul Halmos (nonfiction)|Paul Halmos]] dies. He made fundamental advances in the areas of mathematical logic, probability theory, statistics, operator theory, ergodic theory, and functional analysis (in particular, Hilbert spaces).
File:John Crank.jpg|link=John Crank (nonfiction)|2006 Oct. 3: Mathematician and physicist [[John Crank (nonfiction)|John Crank]] dies. He worked on the numerical solution of partial differential equations; his work with Phyllis Nicolson on the heat equation resulted in the Crank–Nicolson method.
File:Martin David Kruskal.jpg|link=Martin David Kruskal (nonfiction)|2006 Dec. 26: Physicist and mathematician [[Martin David Kruskal (nonfiction)|Martin David Kruskal]] dies. He made fundamental contributions in many areas of mathematics and science, including the discovery and theory of solitons.
 
File:E. Howard Hunt.jpg|link=E. Howard Hunt (nonfiction)|2007 Jan. 23: CIA officer and author [[E. Howard Hunt (nonfiction)|E. Howard Hunt]] dies. Along with G. Gordon Liddy, Hunt plotted the [[Watergate scandal (nonfiction)|Watergate burglaries and other undercover operations for the Nixon administration
File:Hing Tong.jpg|link=Hing Tong (nonfiction)|2007 Mar. 4: Mathematician [[Hing Tong (nonfiction)|Hing Tong]] dies. He provided the original proof of the Katetov–Tong insertion theorem.
File:John Backus.jpg|link=John Backus (nonfiction)|2007 Mar. 17: Mathematician and computer scientist [[John Backus (nonfiction)|John Backus]] dies. He invented the Backus–Naur form (BNF), a widely used notation to define formal language syntax.
File:Stardust at comet Wild 2.jpg|link=Stardust (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|2007 Mar. 24: NASA approves a mission extension for [[Stardust (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Stardust]], sending the spacecraft to comet Tempel 1.
File:Stardust at comet Wild 2.jpg|link=Stardust (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|2007 Jul. 3: NASA approves a mission extension for [[Stardust (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Stardust]], sending the spacecraft to comet Tempel 1.
File:Madeleine L'Engle.jpg|link=Madeleine L'Engle (nonfiction)|2007 Sep. 6: Writer [[Madeleine L'Engle (nonfiction)|Madeleine L'Engle]] dies. She wrote the Newbery Medal-winning ''A Wrinkle in Time'' and its sequels.
File:Dawn spacecraft model.png|link=Dawn (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|2007 Sep. 27: NASA launches the ''[[Dawn (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Dawn]]'' space probe. It is NASA's first purely exploratory mission to use ion propulsion. ''[[Dawn (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Dawn]]'' will study Vesta and Ceres, two of the three known protoplanets of the asteroid belt.
File:Akiva Yaglom.jpg|link=Akiva Yaglom (nonfiction)|2007 Dec. 13: Physicist, mathematician, statistician, and meteorologist [[Akiva Yaglom (nonfiction)|Akiva Yaglom]] dies. He contributed to statistical turbulence theory and random process theory.
 
File:Graham Higman.jpg|link=Graham Higman (nonfiction)|2008 Apr. 8: Mathematician [[Graham Higman (nonfiction)|Graham Higman]] dies. In mathematics, Higman contributed to group theory. During the Second World War he was a conscientious objector, working at the Meteorological Office in Northern Ireland and Gibraltar.
File:Gary Gygax Gen Con 2007.jpg|link=Gary Gygax (nonfiction)|2008 Mar. 4: Game designer [[Gary Gygax (nonfiction)|Gary Gygax]] dies. He co-created the pioneering role-playing game [[Dungeons & Dragons (nonfiction)|Dungeons & Dragons]] (D&D) with Dave Arneson.
File:Joseph Weizenbaum.jpg|link=Joseph Weizenbaum (nonfiction)|2008 Mar. 5:  Computer scientist [[Joseph Weizenbaum (nonfiction)|Joseph Weizenbaum]] dies. He is considered one of the fathers of modern artificial intelligence.
File:John Archibald Wheeler 1985.jpg|link=John Archibald Wheeler (nonfiction)|2008 Apr. 13: Theoretical physicist [[John Archibald Wheeler (nonfiction)|John Archibald Wheeler]] dies. He linked the term "black hole" to objects with gravitational collapse, and coined the terms "quantum foam", "neutron moderator", "wormhole" and "it from bit".
File:Gerhard Ringel surfing.jpg|link=Gerhard Ringel (nonfiction)|2008 Jun. 24: Mathematician and academic [[Gerhard Ringel (nonfiction)|Gerhard Ringel]] dies. Ringel was a pioneer of graph theory and contributed significantly to the proof of the Heawood conjecture (now the Ringel-Youngs theorem), a mathematical problem closely linked with the Four color theorem.
File:George_Brecht.jpg|link=George Brecht (nonfiction)|2008 Dec. 5: Chemist and composer [[George Brecht (nonfiction)|George Brecht]] dies. He was a conceptual artist and avant-garde composer, as well as a professional chemist who worked as a consultant for companies including Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, and Mobil Oil.
 
File:Dawn spacecraft model.png|link=Dawn (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|2009 Feb. 17: The ''[[Dawn (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Dawn]]'' space probe makes its closest approach to Mars during a successful gravity assist toward Vesta. ''[[Dawn (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Dawn]]'' will study Vesta and Ceres, two of the three known protoplanets of the asteroid belt.
File:Dave_Arneson.png|link=Dave Arneson (nonfiction)|2009 Apr. 7: Game designer [[Dave Arneson (nonfiction)|Dave Arneson]] dies. He co-created the pioneering role-playing game [[Dungeons & Dragons (nonfiction)|Dungeons & Dragons]] with Gary Gygax.
File:Staffordshire_Hoard.jpg|link=Staffordshire hoard (nonfiction)|2009 Jul. 5: Discovery of the [[Staffordshire Hoard (nonfiction)|Staffordshire hoard]], the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold ever discovered in England, consisting of more than 1,500 items found near the village of Hammerwich, near Lichfield, Staffordshire.
File:Claude Lévi-Strauss receiving Erasmus Prize (1973).jpg|link=Claude Lévi-Strauss (nonfiction)|2009 Oct. 30: Anthropologist and ethnologist [[Claude Lévi-Strauss (nonfiction)|Claude Lévi-Strauss]] dies.  His work was key in the development of the theory of structuralism and structural anthropology.
 
File:Martin Gardner.jpg|link=Martin Gardner (nonfiction)|2010 May 22: Mathematics and science writer [[Martin Gardner (nonfiction)|Martin Gardner]] dies.  His interests included stage magic, scientific skepticism, philosophy, religion, and literature.
File:Vladimir Arnold.jpg|link=Vladimir Arnold (nonfiction)|2010 Jun. 3: Mathematician and academic [[Vladimir Arnold (nonfiction)|Vladimir Arnold]] dies. He helped develop the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem regarding the stability of integrable systems.
File:John Ashworth Nelder.jpg|link=John Nelder (nonfiction)|2010 Aug. 7: Mathematician and statistician [[John Nelder (nonfiction)|John Nelder]] dies. He contributed to experimental design, analysis of variance, computational statistics, and statistical theory. He also was responsible, with Max Nicholson and James Ferguson-Lees, for debunking the [[Hastings Rarities (nonfiction)|Hastings Rarities]].
File:Rabbi Dr. Eliezer (Leon) Ehrenpreis.jpg|link=Leon Ehrenpreis (nonfiction)|2010: Mathematician, academic, and rabbi [[Leon Ehrenpreis (nonfiction)|Eliezer 'Leon' Ehrenpreis]] dies. He will proved the Malgrange–Ehrenpreis theorem, the fundamental theorem about differential operators with constant coefficients.
File:Maurice Vincent Wilkes.jpg|link=Maurice Wilkes (nonfiction)|2010 Nov. 29: Computer scientist and physicist [[Maurice Wilkes (nonfiction)|Maurice Wilkes]] dies. He pioneered several important developments in computing, including microcode, symbolic labels, macros, subroutine libraries, and timesharing.
 
File:Stardust at comet Wild 2.jpg|link=Stardust (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|2011 Feb. 15: The [[Stardust (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Stardust]] spacecraft flies by comet Tempel 1.
File:Jean Bartik.jpg|link=Jean Bartik (nonfiction)|2011 Mar. 23: [[Jean Bartik (nonfiction)|Jean Bartik]] dies. She was one of the original programmers for the [[ENIAC (nonfiction)|ENIAC]] computer.
File:George Tooker.jpg|link=George Tooker (nonfiction)|2011 Mar. 27: Artist [[George Tooker (nonfiction)|George Tooker]] dies.  His paintings depicted his subjects naturally, as in a photograph, but the images used flat tones, an ambiguous perspective, and alarming juxtapositions to suggest an imagined or dreamed reality.
File:Curt Meyer.jpg|link=Curt Meyer (nonfiction)|2011 Apr. 18: Mathematician [[Curt Meyer (nonfiction)|Curt Meyer]] dies. He made notable contributions to number theory, including an alternative solution to the class number 1 problem, building on the original Stark–Heegner theorem.
File:Annie Easley.jpg|link=Annie Easley (nonfiction)|2011 Jun. 25: Computer scientist, mathematician, and engineer [[Annie Easley (nonfiction)|Annie Easley]] dies. She was a leading member of the team which develops software for the Centaur rocket stage, and one of the first African-Americans to work as a computer scientist at NASA.
File:Dawn spacecraft model.png|link=Dawn (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|2011 Jul. 16: The ''[[Dawn (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Dawn]]'' space probe enters Vesta's orbit. ''[[Dawn (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Dawn]]'' will study Vesta and Ceres, two of the three known protoplanets of the asteroid belt.
File:Mars_Science_Laboratory.jpg|link=Mars Science Laboratory (nonfiction)|2011 Nov. 26: The [[Mars Science Laboratory (nonfiction)|Mars Science Laboratory]] launches to Mars with the ''Curiosity'' Rover.
 
File:Herbert_Wilf.jpg|link=Herbert Wilf (nonfiction)|2012 Jan. 7: Mathematician [[Herbert Wilf (nonfiction)|Herbert Saul Wilf]] dies. Wilf specialized in combinatorics and graph theory.
File:Mars_Science_Laboratory.jpg|link=Mars Science Laboratory (nonfiction)|2012 Jan. 11: The [[Mars Science Laboratory (nonfiction)|Mars Science Laboratory]] successfully refined its trajectory with a three-hour series of thruster-engine firings, advancing the rover's landing time by about 14 hours.
File:Nicolaas de Bruijn.jpg|link=Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn (nonfiction)|2012 Feb. 17:  Mathematician and theorist [[Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn (nonfiction)|Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn]] dies. He made contributions in the fields of analysis, number theory, combinatorics, and logic.
File:Mendel Sachs.jpg|link=Mendel Sachs (nonfiction)|2012 May 5: Theoretical physicist [[Mendel Sachs (nonfiction)|Mendel Sachs]] dies. His work included the proposal of a unified field theory that brings together the weak force, strong force, electromagnetism, and gravity.
File:Ray Bradbury 1959.jpg|link=Ray Bradbury (nonfiction)|2012 Jun. 5: Science fiction writer and screenwriter [[Ray Bradbury (nonfiction)|Ray Bradbury]] dies.  The New York Times calls Bradbury "the writer most responsible for bringing modern science fiction into the literary mainstream".
File:Curiosity rover.jpg|link=Curiosity (nonfiction)|2012 Aug. 6: NASA's ''[[Curiosity (nonfiction)|Curiosity]]'' rover lands on the surface of Mars.
File:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove.jpg|link=Fay Ajzenberg-Selove (nonfiction)|2012 Aug. 8: Nuclear physicist [[Fay Ajzenberg-Selove (nonfiction)|Fay Ajzenberg-Selove]] dies. She did important experimental work in nuclear spectroscopy of light elements, authoring annual reviews of the energy levels of light atomic nuclei.
File:Shoshichi Kobayashi.jpg|link=Shoshichi Kobayashi (nonfiction)|2012 Aug. 12: Mathematician and academic [[Shoshichi Kobayashi (nonfiction)|Shoshichi Kobayashi]] dies. He worked on Riemannian and complex manifolds, transformation groups of geometric structures, and Lie algebras.
File:Irving Adler age 75.jpg|link=Irving Adler (nonfiction)|2012 Sep. 22: Mathematician, author, activist, and academic [[Irving Adler (nonfiction)|Irving Adler]] dies. He was a plaintiff in the McCarthy-era case ''Adler vs. Board of Education''.
File:Robert F. Christy Los Alamos ID.png|link=Robert F. Christy (nonfiction)|2012 Oct. 3: Physicist and astrophysicist [[Robert F. Christy (nonfiction)|Robert F. Christy]] dies.  He is generally credited with the insight that a solid sub-critical mass of plutonium could be explosively compressed into supercriticality, a great simplification of earlier concepts of implosion requiring hollow shells.
 
File:George E P Box.jpg|link=George E. P. Box (nonfiction)|2013 Mar. 28: Statistician and educator [[George E. P. Box (nonfiction)|George E. P. Box]] dies. He has been called "one of the great statistical minds of the 20th century".
File:John Riedl.jpg|link=John T. Riedl (nonfiction)|2013 Jul. 15: Computer scientist and academic [[John T. Riedl (nonfiction)|John T. Riedl]] dies. He was a founder of the field of recommender systems, social computing, and interactive intelligent user interface systems.
File:Seamus Heaney 1970.jpg|link=Seamus Heaney (nonfiction)|2013 30 Aug: Poet, playwright, translator, and lecturer [[Seamus Heaney (nonfiction)|Seamus Heaney]] dies. He received the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature.
File:Andrzej Trybulec.jpg|link=Andrzej Trybulec|2013 Sep. 11: Mathematician and computer scientist [[Andrzej Trybulec (nonfiction)|Andrzej Trybulec]] dies. He developed the Mizar system: a formal language for writing mathematical definitions and proofs, a proof assistant which is able to mechanically check proofs written in this language, and a library of formalized mathematics which can be used in the proof of new theorems.
File:William C. Davidon.jpg|link=William C. Davidon (nonfiction)|2013 Nov. 8: Physicist, mathematician, and activist [[William C. Davidon (nonfiction)|William C. Davidon]] dies. He developed the first quasi-Newton algorithm, now known as the Davidon–Fletcher–Powell formula.
File:MAVEN spacecraft.jpg|link=MAVEN (nonfiction)|2013 Nov. 18: NASA launches the [[MAVEN (nonfiction)|MAVEN probe]] to Mars.
File:Paul Sally 2008.jpg|link=Paul Sally (nonfiction)|2013 Dec. 30: Mathematician and academic [[Paul Sally (nonfiction)|Paul Sally]] dies. He was known as "a legendary math professor at the University of Chicago".
 
File:Alexander Shulgin 2009.jpg|link=Alexander Shulgin (nonfiction)|2014 Jun. 2: Pharmacologist and chemist [[Alexander Shulgin (nonfiction)|Alexander Shulgin]] dies. He discovered, synthesized, and personal bioassayed over 230 psychoactive compounds for their psychedelic and entactogenic potential.
File:Stardust at comet Wild 2.jpg|link=Stardust (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|2014 Aug. 14: Scientists announce the identification of possible interstellar dust particles from the [[Stardust (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Stardust capsule]], which returned to Earth in 2006. 
File:MAVEN spacecraft.jpg|link=MAVEN (nonfiction)|2014 Sep. 22: The [[MAVEN (nonfiction)|MAVEN probe]] reaches Mars and is inserted into an areocentric elliptic orbit 6,200 km (3,900 mi) by 150 km (93 mi) above the planet's surface.
File:Tullio Regge.jpg|link=Tullio Regge (nonfiction)|2014 Oct. 23: Physicist and academic [[Tullio Regge (nonfiction)|Tullio Regge]] dies.  In 1968 he and G. Ponzano developed a quantum version of Regge calculus in three space-time dimensions now known as the Ponzano-Regge model; this was the first of a whole series of state sum models for quantum gravity known as spin foam models.
File:Philip G. Hodge.jpg|link=Philip G. Hodge (nonfiction)|2014 Nov. 11: Materials engineer and academic [[Philip G. Hodge (nonfiction)|Philip G. Hodge]] dies. He studied the mechanics of elastic and plastic behavior of materials, contributing to plasticity theory including developments in the method of characteristics, limit-analysis, piecewise linear isotropic plasticity, and nonlinear programming applications.
File:Alexander Grothendieck.jpg|link=Alexander Grothendieck (nonfiction)|2014 Nov. 13: Mathematician and theorist [[Alexander Grothendieck (nonfiction)|Alexander Grothendieck]] dies. He was the leading figure in the creation of modern algebraic geometry.
File:Tim_Cochran_Multnomah_Falls_Oregon_July_16_2012.jpg|link=Tim Cochran (nonfiction)|2014 Dec. 13: Mathematician and academic [[Tim Cochran (nonfiction)|Tim Cochran]] dies. He contributed to topology, especially low-dimensional topology, the theory of knots and links and associated algebra.
 
File:Dawn spacecraft model.png|link=Dawn (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|2015 Mar. 6: The ''[[Dawn (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Dawn]]'' space probe, having left Vesta, enters Ceres' orbit. ''[[Dawn (spacecraft) (nonfiction)|Dawn]]'' will study Vesta and Ceres, two of the three known protoplanets of the asteroid belt.
File:MAVEN spacecraft.jpg|link=MAVEN (nonfiction)|2015 Nov. 5: NASA announced that data from the [[MAVEN (nonfiction)|MAVEN probe]] shows that the deterioration of Mars’ atmosphere increases significantly during solar storms.
 
File:Umberto Eco 1984.jpg|link=Umberto Eco (nonfiction)|2016 Feb. 9: Novelist, literary critic, and philosopher [[Umberto Eco (nonfiction)|Umberto Eco]] dies. He cited James Joyce and Jorge Luis Borges as the two modern authors who have influenced his work the most.
File:Ray Tomlinson.jpg|link=Ray Tomlinson (nonfiction)|2016 Mar. 5:  Computer programmer and engineer [[Ray Tomlinson (nonfiction)|Ray Tomlinson]] dies. He implemented the first email system on ARPANET, including the "@" separator which is still in use today.
File:Lloyd Shapley (1980).jpg|link=Lloyd Shapley (nonfiction)|2016 Mar. 12:  Mathematician and economist [[Lloyd Shapley (nonfiction)|Lloyd Shapley]] dies. He defined game theory as "a mathematical study of conflict and cooperation."
File:Hilary Putnam.jpg|link=Hilary Putnam (nonfiction)|2016 Mar. 13: Philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist [[Hilary Putnam (nonfiction)|Hilary Putnam]] dies. In philosophy of mathematics, he argued for the reality of mathematical entities, later espousing the view that mathematics is not purely logical, but "quasi-empirical".
File:Tan Lei.jpg|link=Tan Lei (nonfiction)|2016 Apr. 1: Mathematician [[Tan Lei (nonfiction)|Tan Lei]] dies.  She specialized in complex dynamics and functions of complex numbers, making contributions to the study of the Mandelbrot set and Julia set.
File:Walter Kohn.jpg|link=Walter Kohn (nonfiction)|2016 Apr. 19: Theoretical physicist, theoretical chemist, and Nobel laureate [[Walter Kohn (nonfiction)|Walter Kohn]] dies. He developed density functional theory, which makes it possible to calculate quantum mechanical electronic structure by equations involving the electronic density.
File:George Spencer-Browne.jpg|link=George Spencer-Brown (nonfiction)|2016 Aug. 25: Polymath [[George Spencer-Brown (nonfiction)|George Spencer-Brown]] dies. He wrote ''Laws of Form'', calling it the "primary algebra" and the "calculus of indications".
File:Vera Rubin.jpg|link=Vera Rubin (nonfiction)|2016 Dec. 25: Astronomer and academic [[Vera Rubin (nonfiction)|Vera Rubin]] dies. She discovered the discrepancy between the predicted angular motion of galaxies and the observed motion, by studying galactic rotation curves.
File:Anne Penfold Street.jpg|link=Anne Penfold Street (nonfiction)|2016 Dec. 28: Mathematician [[Anne Penfold Street (nonfiction)|Anne Penfold Street]] dies. She specialized in combinatorics, authoring several textbooks; her work on sum-free sets became a standard reference for its subject matter.
 
File:Bertram Kostant.jpg|link=Bertram Kostant (nonfiction)|2017 Feb. 2: Mathematician [[Bertram Kostant (nonfiction)|Bertram Kostant]] dies. He was one of the principal developers of the theory of geometric quantization.
File:Igor Shafarevich.jpg|link=Igor Shafarevich (nonfiction)|2017 Feb. 19: Mathematician and dissident [[Igor Shafarevich (nonfiction)|Igor Shafarevich]] dies. He made fundamental contributions to algebraic number theory, algebraic geometry, and arithmetic algebraic geometry.
File:Donald Sarason 2003.jpg|link=Donald Sarason (nonfiction)|2017 Apr. 8: Mathematician [[Donald Sarason (nonfiction)|Donald Erik Sarason]] dies. He made fundamental advances in the areas of Hardy space theory and Vanishing mean oscillation (VMO).
File:Stanislav Yevgrafovich Petrov.jpg|link=Stanislav Petrov (nonfiction)|2017 May 19: Soviet Air Defense office [[Stanislav Petrov (nonfiction)|Stanislav Yevgrafovich Petrov]] dies. Petrov became known as "the man who single-handedly saved the world from nuclear war" for his role in the 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident.
File:GW170817_spectrograms.png|linkGW170817 (nonfiction)|2017 Aug. 22: The [[GW170817 (nonfiction)|GW170817]] gravitational wave signal is observed by the LIGO/Virgo collaboration.  It is the first gravitational wave event observed to have a simultaneous electromagnetic signal, a significant breakthrough for multi-messenger astronomy.
File:Hans Weinberger.jpg|link=Hans Weinberger (nonfiction)|2017 Sep. 15: Mathematician and academic [[Hans Weinberger (nonfiction)|Hans F. Weinberger]] dies. He contributed to variational methods for eigenvalue problems, partial differential equations, and fluid dynamics.
 
File:Moscow cable cars.jpg|link=Moscow cable car hack (nonfiction)|2018 Nov. 28: The [[Moscow cable car hack (nonfiction)|Moscow cable car hack]] begins: computers at Moscow Ropeway (MKD), which manages Moscow's re-built cable car line, are infected with ransomware. MKD will stop all operations as soon as it realizes what has happened, bringing all 35 eight-seat cable cars to a halt. There will be no reported injuries, and all cable cars will land safely.
 
</gallery>

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