Template:Selected anniversaries/August 26: Difference between revisions
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||1346: Hundred Years' War: The military supremacy of the English longbow over the French combination of crossbow and | || *** DONE: Pics *** | ||
File:Battle of Crécy (26 Aug 1346).png|1346: Hundred Years' War: The military supremacy of the English longbow over the French combination of crossbow and armored knights is established at the Battle of Crécy. | |||
||1349: Thomas Bradwardine dies ... archbishop, mathematician, and physicist. Pic: book cover. | ||1349: Thomas Bradwardine dies ... archbishop, mathematician, and physicist. Pic: book cover. | ||
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File:Denis Papin.jpg|link=Denis Papin (nonfiction)|1713: Physicist, mathematician, and inventor [[Denis Papin (nonfiction)|Denis Papin]] dies. He invented the steam digester, the forerunner of the pressure cooker and of the steam engine. | File:Denis Papin.jpg|link=Denis Papin (nonfiction)|1713: Physicist, mathematician, and inventor [[Denis Papin (nonfiction)|Denis Papin]] dies. He invented the steam digester, the forerunner of the pressure cooker and of the steam engine. | ||
||1723: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek dies . | File:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek by Jan Verkolje (circa 1680).jpg|link=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (nonfiction)|1723: Biologist and microscopist [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (nonfiction)|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] dies. Van Leeuwenhoek was a pioneer of microscopy who made fundamental contributions to the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline. | ||
File:Johann Heinrich Lambert.jpg|link=Johann Heinrich Lambert (nonfiction)|1728: Polymath [[Johann Heinrich Lambert (nonfiction)|Johann Heinrich Lambert]] born. He will make important contributions to mathematics, physics (particularly optics), philosophy, astronomy, and map projections. | File:Johann Heinrich Lambert.jpg|link=Johann Heinrich Lambert (nonfiction)|1728: Polymath [[Johann Heinrich Lambert (nonfiction)|Johann Heinrich Lambert]] born. He will make important contributions to mathematics, physics (particularly optics), philosophy, astronomy, and map projections. | ||
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||1791: There were U.S. patents issued severally to James Rumsey, John Fitch, Nathan Read, John Stevens and Englehart Cruse for their various uses of steam power. Several of the patentees had previously obtained exclusive priviledges from some of the State Legislatures.« As the original applications had not satisfied the patent board with the precision of their descriptions of the inventions, a hearing was held with the inventors in Feb 1791. Fitch and Rumsey were in bitter dispute for priority using steam as a motive power to navigation. Jefferson said that they could make no distinction among all the patents, nor give one preference, and decided all patents should be issued on the same day. | ||1791: There were U.S. patents issued severally to James Rumsey, John Fitch, Nathan Read, John Stevens and Englehart Cruse for their various uses of steam power. Several of the patentees had previously obtained exclusive priviledges from some of the State Legislatures.« As the original applications had not satisfied the patent board with the precision of their descriptions of the inventions, a hearing was held with the inventors in Feb 1791. Fitch and Rumsey were in bitter dispute for priority using steam as a motive power to navigation. Jefferson said that they could make no distinction among all the patents, nor give one preference, and decided all patents should be issued on the same day. | ||
File:Giuseppe Balsamo (Count Alessandro Cagliostro).jpg|link=Alessandro Cagliostro (nonfiction)|1795: Occultist and explorer [[Alessandro Cagliostro (nonfiction)|Alessandro Cagliostro]] dies. He was a glamorous figure associated with the royal courts of Europe where he pursued psychic healing, alchemy, and scrying. | |||
||1833: Stephen Joseph Perry born ... Jesuit and astronomer, known as a participant in scientific expeditions. Pic. | ||1833: Stephen Joseph Perry born ... Jesuit and astronomer, known as a participant in scientific expeditions. Pic. | ||
||1843: The first U.S. design of a typewriter that successfully typed was issued a patent to Charles Thurber of Norwich, Conn. (No. 3,228) as a “machine for printing by hand by pressing upon keys which contain the type, called ‘Thurber's Patent Printer.’” He was the first to place the paper on a roller and give it longitudinal motion with provision for accurate letter and word spacing. It had a wheel carrying the keys around its circumference. A roller provided inking. However, the machine was slow to use, and only a concept model. Two years later, he patented a design for a writing (not typing) machine, which he called a Chirographer (18 Nov 1845, No. 4,271). On 27 Jun 1857, British Letters Patent were sealed (No. 1805) on Thurber's invention of “An improved caligraph.” | ||1843: The first U.S. design of a typewriter that successfully typed was issued a patent to Charles Thurber of Norwich, Conn. (No. 3,228) as a “machine for printing by hand by pressing upon keys which contain the type, called ‘Thurber's Patent Printer.’” He was the first to place the paper on a roller and give it longitudinal motion with provision for accurate letter and word spacing. It had a wheel carrying the keys around its circumference. A roller provided inking. However, the machine was slow to use, and only a concept model. Two years later, he patented a design for a writing (not typing) machine, which he called a Chirographer (18 Nov 1845, No. 4,271). On 27 Jun 1857, British Letters Patent were sealed (No. 1805) on Thurber's invention of “An improved caligraph.” No pics of Thurber online, but possible pics of machine: https://www.google.com/search?q="Charles+Thurber"+inventor | ||
||1850: Charles Richet born ... physiologist, bacteriologist and pathologist who was awarded the 1913 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. He coined (1902) the term "anaphylaxis" meaning "against protection" to describe the subject of his research, when he found a second vaccinating dose of sea anemone toxin caused a dog's death. Instead of producing protection, as expected in the normal response to vaccination, the first dose had produced a life-threatening sensitivity. This led to an understanding a variety of allergic reactions, hay-fever and asthma. His other interests included aviation: attracted by Marey's experiments on bird flight, Richet participated in the design and construction of one of the first airplanes to leave the ground under its own power. Pic. | ||1850: Charles Richet born ... physiologist, bacteriologist and pathologist who was awarded the 1913 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. He coined (1902) the term "anaphylaxis" meaning "against protection" to describe the subject of his research, when he found a second vaccinating dose of sea anemone toxin caused a dog's death. Instead of producing protection, as expected in the normal response to vaccination, the first dose had produced a life-threatening sensitivity. This led to an understanding a variety of allergic reactions, hay-fever and asthma. His other interests included aviation: attracted by Marey's experiments on bird flight, Richet participated in the design and construction of one of the first airplanes to leave the ground under its own power. Pic. | ||
||1856: William Henry Perkin, an English chemist, applied for a British patent titled "Dyeing Fabrics" for his invention of aniline dye "producing a new coloring matter for dyeing with a lilac or purple color stuffs of silk, cotton, wool or other materials." It was sealed on 20 Feb 1857. This was the first synthetic dye, which he obtained at first unintentionally from coal tar (a by-product of coal gas production) while seeking a method to prepare the anti-malarial drug quinine from that source. Perkin was just 18 years old. With help from his father and brother, he began manufacturing the dye, which he called Tyrian purple. Within a few years, he was wealthy and in in 1873 sold the business to turn to chemistry full-time. | ||1856: William Henry Perkin, an English chemist, applied for a British patent titled "Dyeing Fabrics" for his invention of aniline dye "producing a new coloring matter for dyeing with a lilac or purple color stuffs of silk, cotton, wool or other materials." It was sealed on 20 Feb 1857. This was the first synthetic dye, which he obtained at first unintentionally from coal tar (a by-product of coal gas production) while seeking a method to prepare the anti-malarial drug quinine from that source. Perkin was just 18 years old. With help from his father and brother, he began manufacturing the dye, which he called Tyrian purple. Within a few years, he was wealthy and in in 1873 sold the business to turn to chemistry full-time. Pic. | ||
||1865: Johann Franz Encke dies ... astronomer and academic ... worked on the calculation of the periods of comets and asteroids, measured the distance from the earth to the sun, and made observations of the planet Saturn. | ||1865: Johann Franz Encke dies ... astronomer and academic ... worked on the calculation of the periods of comets and asteroids, measured the distance from the earth to the sun, and made observations of the planet Saturn. Pic. | ||
||1865: Arthur James Arnot born ... engineer, designed the Spencer Street Power Station. Pic search | ||1865: Arthur James Arnot born ... engineer, designed the Spencer Street Power Station. Pic search. | ||
||1873: Lee de Forest ... engineer and academic, invented the Audion tube. | ||1873: Lee de Forest born ... engineer and academic, invented the Audion tube. Pic. | ||
||1875: Giuseppe Vitali born ... mathematician who worked in several branches of mathematical analysis. He gives his name to several entities in mathematics, most notably the Vitali set with which he was the first to give an example of a non-measurable subset of real numbers. Pic. | ||1875: Giuseppe Vitali born ... mathematician who worked in several branches of mathematical analysis. He gives his name to several entities in mathematics, most notably the Vitali set with which he was the first to give an example of a non-measurable subset of real numbers. Pic. | ||
||1882: James Franck born ... physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate. | ||1882: James Franck born ... physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate. Pic. | ||
||1883: Mount Krakatoa, an island volcano in the Dutch Indies (now Indonesia) erupted with violent explosions that destroyed two thirds of the island. It produced huge tsunami waves that swept across the immediate region, killing an estimated 36,000 people. These waves were powerful enough to cross the Indian Ocean and travel beyond Cape Horn. The most powerful blast was the most violent known in human history—it was loud enough to be heard in Australia. The shockwave was registered by barometers England. The huge amount of volcanic dust thrust high into the stratosphere eventually travelled around the world. The dust blocked sunlight causing temperature drops, highly coloured sunsets, and chaotic weather patterns for several years afterwards. | ||1883: Mount Krakatoa, an island volcano in the Dutch Indies (now Indonesia) erupted with violent explosions that destroyed two thirds of the island. It produced huge tsunami waves that swept across the immediate region, killing an estimated 36,000 people. These waves were powerful enough to cross the Indian Ocean and travel beyond Cape Horn. The most powerful blast was the most violent known in human history—it was loud enough to be heard in Australia. The shockwave was registered by barometers England. The huge amount of volcanic dust thrust high into the stratosphere eventually travelled around the world. The dust blocked sunlight causing temperature drops, highly coloured sunsets, and chaotic weather patterns for several years afterwards. | ||
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||1895: Johann Friedrich Miescher dies ... biochemist and biologist who studied cell metabolism and discovered nucleic acids. In 1869, while working under Ernst Hoppe-Seyler at the University of Tübingen, Miescher investigated a substance containing both phosphorus and nitrogen in the nuclei of white blood cells found in pus. The substance, first named nuclein because it seemed to come from cell nuclei, became known as nucleic acid after 1874, when Miescher separated it into a protein and an acid molecule. It is now known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Pic. | ||1895: Johann Friedrich Miescher dies ... biochemist and biologist who studied cell metabolism and discovered nucleic acids. In 1869, while working under Ernst Hoppe-Seyler at the University of Tübingen, Miescher investigated a substance containing both phosphorus and nitrogen in the nuclei of white blood cells found in pus. The substance, first named nuclein because it seemed to come from cell nuclei, became known as nucleic acid after 1874, when Miescher separated it into a protein and an acid molecule. It is now known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Pic. | ||
||1899: Wolfgang Krull born ... mathematician who made fundamental contributions to commutative algebra, introducing concepts that are now central to the subject. Pic. | ||1899: Wolfgang Krull born ... mathematician who made fundamental contributions to commutative algebra, introducing concepts that are now central to the subject. Pic. | ||
||1900: Hedley Ralph Marston born | File:Hedley_Ralph_Marston.jpg|link=Hedley Marston (nonfiction)|1900: Biochemist [[Hedley Marston (nonfiction)|Hedley Ralph Marston]] born. Marston's research into fallout from the British nuclear tests at Maralinga will prove the existence of significant radiation hazards at many of the Maralinga sites long after the tests. | ||
||1901: Hans Kammler born ... civil engineer and SS commander during the Nazi era. He oversaw SS construction projects and towards the end of World War II was put in charge of the V-2 missile and jet programmes. Pic. | ||1901: Hans Kammler born ... civil engineer and SS commander during the Nazi era. He oversaw SS construction projects and towards the end of World War II was put in charge of the V-2 missile and jet programmes. Pic. | ||
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||1910: William James dies ... psychologist and philosopher who was a leader of the philosophical movement of Pragmatism and of the psychological movement of functionalism. Although he first began a career as a zoologist, and traveled to Brazil on expedition with Louis Agassiz, James moved to the medical school, and then his life’s work investigating the mind. He served terms as President of the American Psychological Association and of the International Society for Psychical Research. After retiring from active teaching, he became the foremost American advocate for “pragmatism” in philosophical thought by which “that is true which works.” Pic. | ||1910: William James dies ... psychologist and philosopher who was a leader of the philosophical movement of Pragmatism and of the psychological movement of functionalism. Although he first began a career as a zoologist, and traveled to Brazil on expedition with Louis Agassiz, James moved to the medical school, and then his life’s work investigating the mind. He served terms as President of the American Psychological Association and of the International Society for Psychical Research. After retiring from active teaching, he became the foremost American advocate for “pragmatism” in philosophical thought by which “that is true which works.” Pic. | ||
File:Katherine_Johnson_at_NASA_(1966).jpg|link=Katherine Johnson (nonfiction)|1918: Physicist and mathematician [[Katherine Johnson (nonfiction)|Katherine Johnson]] born. Johnson will compute orbital mechanics as a NASA employee which will be critical to the success of the first and subsequent U.S. crewed spaceflights; she will also pioneer the use of computers to perform these tasks. | |||
||1920: Richard E. Bellman born ... applied mathematician, who introduced dynamic programming in 1953, and important contributions in other fields of mathematics. Pic. | ||1920: Richard E. Bellman born ... applied mathematician, who introduced dynamic programming in 1953, and important contributions in other fields of mathematics. Pic. | ||
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||1935: Karen Spärck Jones born ... computer scientist and academic. Pic. | ||1935: Karen Spärck Jones born ... computer scientist and academic. Pic. | ||
||1961: Howard Percy "Bob" Robertson dies ... mathematician and physicist known for contributions related to physical cosmology and the uncertainty principle. Pic search | ||1961: Howard Percy "Bob" Robertson dies ... mathematician and physicist known for contributions related to physical cosmology and the uncertainty principle. Pic search. | ||
File:Charles Lindbergh.jpg|link=Charles Lindbergh (nonfiction)|1974: Pilot and explorer [[Charles Lindbergh (nonfiction)|Charles Lindbergh]] dies. At age 25 in 1927 he went from obscurity as a U.S. Air Mail pilot to instantaneous world fame by making his Orteig Prize–winning nonstop flight from Long Island, New York, to Paris. | File:Charles Lindbergh.jpg|link=Charles Lindbergh (nonfiction)|1974: Pilot and explorer [[Charles Lindbergh (nonfiction)|Charles Lindbergh]] dies. At age 25 in 1927 he went from obscurity as a U.S. Air Mail pilot to instantaneous world fame by making his Orteig Prize–winning nonstop flight from Long Island, New York, to Paris. | ||
|| | ||1975: Olaf Holtedahl dies ... geologist; was among the last of a generation of geologists that mastered the subject in all its breadth. Pic. | ||
||1987: Georg Wittig dies ... chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate. | ||1977: Mathematician and academic Robert Schatten dies. He made fundamental contributions to functional analysis, where he is the namesake of the Schatten norm and the Schatten class operators. He also studied tensor products of Banach spaces. Pic search. | ||
||1987: Georg Wittig dies ... chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate. Pic. | |||
||1992: Daniel Gorenstein dies ... mathematician. He was a major influence on the classification of finite simple groups. Pic. | ||1992: Daniel Gorenstein dies ... mathematician. He was a major influence on the classification of finite simple groups. Pic. | ||
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||1998: Robert Joseph Huebner dies ... virologist whose theory that certain genes, which he called oncogenes, are involved in cancer focused researchers' attention on finding them. His investigations paved the way for the discovery of viral causes of cancers and several other serious diseases and for the development of a number of vaccines and treatments. Pic: http://www.edubilla.com/award/national-medal-of-science/robert-huebner/ | ||1998: Robert Joseph Huebner dies ... virologist whose theory that certain genes, which he called oncogenes, are involved in cancer focused researchers' attention on finding them. His investigations paved the way for the discovery of viral causes of cancers and several other serious diseases and for the development of a number of vaccines and treatments. Pic: http://www.edubilla.com/award/national-medal-of-science/robert-huebner/ | ||
||2011: Patrick C. Fischer dies ... computer scientist and academic ... noted researcher in computational complexity theory and database theory, and a target of the Unabomber. Pic search. | |||
||2011: Patrick C. Fischer dies ... computer scientist and academic. | |||
||2012: Krzysztof Wilmanski dies ... physicist and academic ... worked in the fields of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics. Pic. | |||
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Latest revision as of 13:25, 7 February 2022
1346: Hundred Years' War: The military supremacy of the English longbow over the French combination of crossbow and armored knights is established at the Battle of Crécy.
1713: Physicist, mathematician, and inventor Denis Papin dies. He invented the steam digester, the forerunner of the pressure cooker and of the steam engine.
1723: Biologist and microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek dies. Van Leeuwenhoek was a pioneer of microscopy who made fundamental contributions to the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline.
1728: Polymath Johann Heinrich Lambert born. He will make important contributions to mathematics, physics (particularly optics), philosophy, astronomy, and map projections.
1735: Leonhard Euler presents his solution to the Königsberg bridge problem – whether it was possible to find a route crossing each of the seven bridges of the city of Königsberg once and only once – in a lecture to his colleagues at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.
1743: Chemist and biologist Antoine Lavoisier born. He will have a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.
1795: Occultist and explorer Alessandro Cagliostro dies. He was a glamorous figure associated with the royal courts of Europe where he pursued psychic healing, alchemy, and scrying.
1900: Biochemist Hedley Ralph Marston born. Marston's research into fallout from the British nuclear tests at Maralinga will prove the existence of significant radiation hazards at many of the Maralinga sites long after the tests.
1918: Physicist and mathematician Katherine Johnson born. Johnson will compute orbital mechanics as a NASA employee which will be critical to the success of the first and subsequent U.S. crewed spaceflights; she will also pioneer the use of computers to perform these tasks.
1930: Philo Farnsworth is granted a ptent (U.S. 1,773,980) for his television system . This is his first patent, with a description of his image dissector tube, and his most important contribution to the development of television.
1974: Pilot and explorer Charles Lindbergh dies. At age 25 in 1927 he went from obscurity as a U.S. Air Mail pilot to instantaneous world fame by making his Orteig Prize–winning nonstop flight from Long Island, New York, to Paris.
1995: Writer and peace activist John Brunner dies.
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