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A '''submarine''' is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater.
[[File:Drebbel_submarine.jpg|thumb|''Drebbel'', the first navigable submarine, invented by [[Cornelius Drebbel]].]]A '''submarine''' is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater.


== Description ==
The noun submarine evolved as a shortened form of submarine boat (and is often further shortened to sub). For reasons of naval tradition, submarines are usually referred to as "boats" rather than as "ships", regardless of their size.
 
It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term most commonly refers to a large, crewed, autonomous vessel.
 
It is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine and the wet sub.
 
Used as an adjective in phrases such as submarine cable, submarine means "under the sea". The noun submarine evolved as a shortened form of submarine boat (and is often further shortened to sub).
 
For reasons of naval tradition, submarines are usually referred to as "boats" rather than as "ships", regardless of their size.


Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the 19th century, and they were adopted by several navies.
Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the 19th century, and they were adopted by several navies.


Submarines were first widely used during World War I (1914–1918), and now figure in many navies large and small.
Submarines were first widely used during World War I (1914–1918), and now figure in many navies large and small.
Military usage includes attacking enemy surface ships (merchant and military), submarines, aircraft carrier protection, blockade running, ballistic missile submarines as part of a nuclear strike force, reconnaissance, conventional land attack (for example using a cruise missile), and covert insertion of special forces.
Civilian uses for submarines include marine science, salvage, exploration and facility inspection and maintenance. Submarines can also be modified to perform more specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions or undersea cable repair.
Submarines are also used in tourism, and for undersea archaeology.


Most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical (or conical) ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes.
Most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical (or conical) ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes.


In modern submarines, this structure is the "sail" in American usage, and "fin" in European usage.
Modern deep-diving submarines derive from the bathyscaphe, which in turn evolved from the diving bell.


A "conning tower" was a feature of earlier designs: a separate pressure hull above the main body of the boat that allowed the use of shorter periscopes.
Used as an adjective in phrases such as submarine cable, submarine means "under the sea".


There is a propeller (or pump jet) at the rear, and various hydrodynamic control fins.
== In the News ==


Smaller, deep-diving and specialty submarines may deviate significantly from this traditional layout.
<gallery>
File:Canadian Oberon-class boat alongside in the Caribbean.jpg|A Canadian W:Oberon-class submarine ('O-boat' or 'Super-O') - either the HMCS Onondaga or HMCS Okanagan - alongside in some W:Caribbean port or base.
File:Wilhelm Bauer.gif|link=Wilhelm Bauer (nonfiction)|Inventor and engineer [[Wilhelm Bauer (nonfiction)|Wilhelm Bauer]] incorporates [[Gnomon algorithm functions]] into plans for new submarine.
File:Submarine and anti-submarine (1919).jpg|link=The Unruly Submarine|[[The Unruly Submarine]], a celebrated children's story.
File:Submarines scrapped.jpg|Haunted submarine graveyard open for Halloween.
File:Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea.jpg|link=Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (tv series) (nonfiction)|[[Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (tv series) (nonfiction)|Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea]].
</gallery>


Submarines change the amount of water and air in their ballast tanks to decrease buoyancy for submerging or increase it for surfacing.
== Fiction cross-reference ==


Submarines have one of the widest ranges of types and capabilities of any vessel.
* [[Bathysquare]]
 
* [[Gnomon algorithm]]
They range from small autonomous examples and one- or two-person vessels that operate for a few hours, to vessels that can remain submerged for six months—such as the Russian Typhoon class, the biggest submarines ever built.
* [[Gnomon Chronicles]]
 
* [[Neptune Slaughter]]
Submarines can work at greater depths than are survivable or practical for human divers.
* [[The Unruly Submarine]]
 
Modern deep-diving submarines derive from the bathyscaphe, which in turn evolved from the diving bell.


== Nonfiction cross-reference ==
== Nonfiction cross-reference ==


== Fiction cross-reference ==
* [[Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (tv series) (nonfiction)]]
 
* [[Bathysquare]]
* [[The Unruly Submarine]]


== External links ==
External link:


* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine Submarine] @ Wikipedia
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine Submarine] @ Wikipedia




[[Category:Nonfiction (nonfiction)]]
[[Category:Machines (nonfiction)]]
[[Category:Machines (nonfiction)]]
[[Category:Water (nonfiction)]]
[[Category:Water (nonfiction)]]

Latest revision as of 04:55, 2 December 2019

Drebbel, the first navigable submarine, invented by Cornelius Drebbel.

A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater.

The noun submarine evolved as a shortened form of submarine boat (and is often further shortened to sub). For reasons of naval tradition, submarines are usually referred to as "boats" rather than as "ships", regardless of their size.

Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the 19th century, and they were adopted by several navies.

Submarines were first widely used during World War I (1914–1918), and now figure in many navies large and small.

Most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical (or conical) ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes.

Modern deep-diving submarines derive from the bathyscaphe, which in turn evolved from the diving bell.

Used as an adjective in phrases such as submarine cable, submarine means "under the sea".

In the News

Fiction cross-reference

Nonfiction cross-reference

External link:

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