Template:Selected anniversaries/August 11: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| (63 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
File: | || ** DONE: Pics *** | ||
File:Jan Tschichold (1963) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg|link=Jan Tschichold (nonfiction)| | |||
||3114 BC: The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, used by several pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations, notably the Maya, begins. | |||
||1464: Nicholas of Cusa dies ... philosopher, theologian, jurist, and astronomer. Pic. | |||
File:Pedro Nunes.png|link=Pedro Nunes (nonfiction)|1578: Mathematician, cosmographer, and academic [[Pedro Nunes (nonfiction)|Pedro Nunes]] dies. One of the greatest mathematicians of his time, he is best known for his mathematical approach to navigation and cartography. | |||
File:Richard Mead.jpg|link=Richard Mead (nonfiction)|1673: Physician and astrologer [[Richard Mead (nonfiction)|Richard Mead]] born. His work, ''A Short Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion, and the Method to be used to prevent it'' (1720), will be of historic importance in the understanding of transmissible diseases. | |||
||1797: George Shillibeer born ... pioneer of omnibuses. Having founded a coach-building enterprise in Paris (1825), he expanded to include buses. On 4 Jul 1829, he commenced the first regular bus service from London to Paddington, carrying up to 20 passengers and in a coach drawn by three horses. Shillibeer adopted the word omnibus. He boasted it offered a safer and more comfortable ride than ordinary stagecoaches, since all passengers would ride inside. He was followed by imitators then more competition from the discovery that a trolley running on tracks could pull twice the payload. Although Shillibeer had revolutionized London's transport, he went bankrupt and spent time in debtors' prison. He eventually converted his omnibuses into "Shillibeer's Funeral Coaches". Pic. | |||
||1799: Joachim Barrande ... geologist and paleontologist. He settled in Prague (1832), at first as an engineer. While surveying the proposed route for a horse-drawn railway, he became interested in the local fossil-bearing rocks there. From 1840, he turned to the study of these fossils in the strata of the central Bohemian basin. In his lifetime, he gathered some 3500 species of graptolites, brachiopoda, mollusca, trilobites and fishes, showing a wide variety of life forms in the Early Paleozoic era. (The Paleozoic era spanned 540-245 million years ago.) He meticulously recorded his findings in Système silurien du centre de la Bohême, which remains a fine reference work. The first volume was published in 1852, and was followed by 20 more in his lifetime. He opposed Darwin's theory of evolution, instead advocating the theory of catastrophes. Pic. | |||
||1829: Mathematician and academic Norman Macleod Ferrers born. In 1871 he first suggested to extend the equations of motion with nonholonomic constraints. His another treatise on "Spherical Harmonics," published in 1877, presented many original features. In 1881 he studied Kelvin's investigation of the law of distribution of electricity in equilibrium on an uninfluenced spherical bowl and made the addition of finding the potential at any point of space in zonal harmonics. Pic. | |||
||1836: Cato Maximilian Guldberg born ... mathematician and chemist. Pic. | |||
||1842: Enrico D'Ovidio born ... mathematician who is known by his works on geometry. Pic. | |||
||1851: Lorenz Oken dies ... German naturalist who offered early evolutionary ideas and stimulated comparative anatomy. He theorized (incorrectly) that the skull was a modified vertebra, but formed some fundamental concepts which stimulated further thought from later scientists. In Die Zeugung, he discussed “the infusoria”—elementary units of living organisms—into which all flesh can be broken down. Higher animals, he proposed, consisted of constituent animalcules. Entities, whether plants or animals, became organisms by the fusion of these primal animals. Those elements lose all individuality and create a higher unity. Lorenz Oken wrote many books on natural history for students and adults, founded a scholarly journal (contributing most of its articles), and organized scientific congresses. Pic. | |||
File:Macedonio_Melloni.jpg|link=Macedonio Melloni (nonfiction)|1854: Physicist and academic [[Macedonio Melloni (nonfiction)|Macedonio Melloni]] dies. Melloni demonstrated that radiant heat has physical properties similar to those of light. | |||
||1857: Marshall Hall dies ... was an English physician, physiologist and early neurologist. His name is attached to the theory of reflex arc mediated by the spinal cord, to a method of resuscitation of drowned people, and to the elucidation of function of capillary vessels. Pic. | |||
||1871: An explosion at the factory of Patent Gun Cotton Company, Stowmarket, Suffolk, England, killed 24 people and injured many more It happened in the early afternoon, devastating the factory and left a crater 100-ft long and 10-ft deep. Windows were blown in all over Stowmarket ands roofs damaged, and the explosion was heard up to ten miles away. It was the biggest disaster ever to hit the town. The inquest found that it had probably been caused by sabotage but no one was ever brought to trial. It has been suggested that the findings were a whitewash which helped prevent any criticism falling on the heads of the factory or the inventor of the process. (Guncotton was first patented by Christian Frederick Schönbein in 1846.) | |||
||1860: Ottó Bláthy born ... engineer and chess player ... co-inventor of the modern electric transformer, the tension regulator, the AC watt-hour meter, motor capacitor for the single-phase (AC) electric motor, the turbo generator, and the high-efficiency turbo generator. Pic. | |||
||1885: Stephen Butterworth born ... physicist and engineer ... invented the filter that bears his name, a class of electrical circuits that separates electrical signals of different frequencies.No pics online: https://www.google.com/search?q=stephen+butterworth+physicist | |||
||1887: Friedrich Zander born ... pioneer of rocketry and spaceflight in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. He designed the first liquid-fueled rocket to be launched in the Soviet Union, GIRD-X, and made many important theoretical contributions to the road to space. Pic. | |||
||1891: Edgar Zilsel born ... historian and philosopher of science, linked to the Vienna Circle. Why science arose in Europe and not elsewhere. Pic search. | |||
||1892: Enrico Betti dies Italian mathematician and academic ... now remembered mostly for his 1871 paper on topology that led to the later naming after him of the Betti numbers. Pic. | |||
||1895: Egon Sharpe Pearson ... one of three children and the son of Karl Pearson and, like his father, a leading British statistician. Pic not Wikipedia: http://apprendre-math.info/anglais/historyDetail.htm?id=Pearson_Egon | |||
||1896: The first U.S. patent for an electric light bulb socket featuring an on-and-off pull chain was issued to Harvey Hubbell of Bridgeport, Connecticut (No. 565,541). On 8 Nov 1904, he patented a separable electric plug (No. 774250) adapting an Edison screw socket to a flat prong style. His inventions are now familiar throughout North America. His manufacturing company, Harvey Hubbell Inc. still exists today. | |||
||1903: The first U.S. patent for instant coffee was issued to Satori Kato of Chicago, Illinois. It was entitled "Coffee Concentrate and Process of Making Same" (No. 735,777). The application was filed 17 Apr 1901, in which year his Kato Coffee Company introduced the product at the Pam-American Exposition in Buffalo. Two years earlier, four men had formed the company when an American coffee importer and a roaster contacted Sartori Kato (the Japanese inventor of a soluble tea), who adapted his process of dehydration to coffee, with the assistance of an American chemist. | |||
||1905: Erwin Chargaff born ... was an Austro-Hungarian biochemist who immigrated to the United States during the Nazi era and was a professor of biochemistry at Columbia University medical school. Through careful experimentation, Chargaff discovered two rules that helped lead to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA. Pic. | |||
||1909: The liner S.S. Arapahoe was the first ship to use the S.O.S. radio distress call. Its wireless operator, T. D. Haubner, radioed for help after a propeller shafat snapped while off the coast at Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA. The call was heard by the United Wireless station “HA” at Hatteras. A few months later, Haubner on the S.S. Arapahoe received an SOS from the SS Iroquois, the second use of SOS in America. Previously, the distress code CQD had been in use as a maritime distress call, standardised by the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. in 1904. The second International Radio Telegraphic Convention (1906) proposed the alternative SOS for its distinctive sound. It was ratified as an international standard in 1908. | |||
||1910: Mathematician and academic Sigmund Selberg born. Selberg's work mainly focused on the distribution of prime numbers. Pic search. | |||
||1912: Norman Levinson born ... mathematician. Some of his major contributions were in the study of Fourier transforms, complex analysis, non-linear differential equations, number theory, and signal processing. Pic: https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/norman-levinson/ | |||
||1917: Dik Browne born ... cartoonist ... Hagar the Horrible. Pic. | |||
||1921: Emil Albert Knoevenagel dies ... chemist who established the Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The Knoevenagel condensation reaction of benzaldehydes with nitroalkanes is a classic general method for the preparation of nitroalkenes. Pic. | |||
File:Tom Kilburn.jpg|link=Tom Kilburn (nonfiction)|1921: Mathematician and computer scientist [[Tom Kilburn (nonfiction)|Tom Kilburn]] born. Over the course of a productive 30-year career, he will be involved in the development of five computers of great historical significance. | |||
||1928: Robert W. Bussard born ... physicist who worked primarily in nuclear fusion energy research. Bussard ramjet. Pic search. | |||
||1939: Paul Epstein dies ... mathematician. He was known for his contributions to number theory, in particular the Epstein zeta function. Epstein was appointed to a non-tenured post at the university and he lectured in Frankfurt from 1919. Later he was appointed professor at Frankfurt. However, after the Nazis came to power in Germany he lost his university position. Because of his age he was unable to find a new position abroad, and finally committed suicide by barbital overdose at Dornbusch, fearing Gestapo torture because he was a Jew. Pic: http://www.learn-math.info/mathematicians/historyDetail.htm?id=Epstein | |||
||1942: Actress Hedy Lamarr and composer George Antheil receive a patent for a Frequency-hopping spread spectrum communication system that later became the basis for modern technologies in wireless telephones and Wi-Fi. Pic. | |||
||1955: Robert W. Wood dies ... physicist and inventor. He is often cited as being a pivotal contributor to the field of optics and a pioneer of infrared and ultraviolet photography. Pic. | |||
||1956: Jackson Pollock dies ... painter. Pic. | |||
||1956: Pierre-Louis Lions ... French mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1994 for his work since the 1980's on partial differential equations. The sources of such equations are many - for example, physical, probalistic or geometric and other diverse subareas - each studying different phenomena for different nonlinear partial differential equations by utterly different methods. Pierre-Louis Lions has been called unique in his ability to transcend these boundaries and to solve pressing problems throughout the field. Pic. Alive (2018) https://todayinsci.com/8/8_11.htm http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Lions.html | |||
||1961: Ion Barbu dies ... mathematician and poet. Pic. | |||
||1962: Vostok 3 launches from the Baikonur Cosmodrome and cosmonaut Andrian Nikolayev becomes the first person to float in microgravity. ... the Soviet Union launched cosmonaut Andrian Nikolayev on a 94-hour flight in Vostok III, which set an endurance record at the time. Eighteen months after Yury Gagarin became the first man in space, Nikolayev became Russia's third cosmonaut to travel into space. Pavel Popovich was launched in Vostok IV the next day. The pair made the first simultaneous flights; both returned on 15 Aug. Nikolayev's flight set an endurance record, circling the Earth 64 times in 96 hours, having completed 1,650,000 miles. He returned to space in 1970 for his second and final mission on the Soyuz 9 craft, setting a new endurance record, spending 18 days in space in Soyuz 9. He was twice named a Hero of the Soviet Union. | |||
||1971: Sir John Burton Cleland dies ... was a renowned Australian naturalist, microbiologist, mycologist and ornithologist. He was Professor of Pathology at the University of Adelaide and was consulted on high-level police inquiries, such as the famous Taman Shud Case in 1948 and later. Pic. | |||
||1972: Max Theiler dies ... a South African-American virologist and physician. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951 for developing a vaccine against yellow fever in 1937, becoming the first African-born Nobel laureate. Pic. | |||
File:Jan Tschichold (1963) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg|link=Jan Tschichold (nonfiction)|1974: Graphic designer and typographer [[Jan Tschichold (nonfiction)|Jan Tschichold]] dies. He was a leading advocate of Modernist design, but later condemn Modernist design in general as being authoritarian and inherently fascistic. | |||
||1975: Alfred Lee Loomis dies ... attorney, investment banker, philanthropist, scientist/physicist, inventor of the LORAN Long Range Navigation System, and a lifelong patron of scientific research. Pic. | |||
||1977: Frederic Calland Williams dies ... co-inventor of the Williams-Kilborn tube, used for memory in early computer systems. Pic search. | |||
||1978: The first successful crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by balloon began when three Americans, Ben Abruzzo, Maxie Anderson and Larry Newman, took off in their Double Eagle II from Presque Isle, Maine. Their 3,100-mile flight ended on 17 Aug 1978, 137-hr 6-min later, in France. The helium balloon Double Eagle II was 112- ft high, 65-ft diam., capacity 160,000 cu.ft. with a 15x7x4½-ft passenger gondola named The Spirit of Albuquerque. The underside of the gondola was a twin-hulled catamaran to provide emergency flotation for any unplanned water landing. Double Eagle II was built by Ed Yost. The history of transatlantic balloon crossing included seventeen prior unsuccessful attempts and seven lives lost. | |||
||1980: Verner Emil Hoggatt Jr. dies ... mathematician, known mostly for his work in Fibonacci numbers and number theory. Pic: http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/hoggatt.html | |||
File:Alonzo Church.jpg|link=Alonzo Church (nonfiction)|1995: Mathematician and logician [[Alonzo Church (nonfiction)|Alonzo Church]] dies. He made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science. | |||
File:Armand Borel.jpg|link=Armand Borel (nonfiction)|2003: Mathematician and academic [[Armand Borel (nonfiction)|Armand Borel]] dies. He worked in algebraic topology, and in the theory of Lie groups, contributing to the creation of the contemporary theory of linear algebraic groups. | |||
||2012: Robert Duncan Luce dies ... mathematician and social scientist, and one of the most preeminent figures in the field of mathematical psychology. Pic search. Pic search. | |||
||2015: Richard A. Oriani dies ... chemical engineer and metallurgist who was instrumental in the study of the effects of hydrogen in metal. He also made significant contributions to the field of cold fusion. Pic. | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
Latest revision as of 12:03, 7 February 2022
1578: Mathematician, cosmographer, and academic Pedro Nunes dies. One of the greatest mathematicians of his time, he is best known for his mathematical approach to navigation and cartography.
1673: Physician and astrologer Richard Mead born. His work, A Short Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion, and the Method to be used to prevent it (1720), will be of historic importance in the understanding of transmissible diseases.
1854: Physicist and academic Macedonio Melloni dies. Melloni demonstrated that radiant heat has physical properties similar to those of light.
1921: Mathematician and computer scientist Tom Kilburn born. Over the course of a productive 30-year career, he will be involved in the development of five computers of great historical significance.
1974: Graphic designer and typographer Jan Tschichold dies. He was a leading advocate of Modernist design, but later condemn Modernist design in general as being authoritarian and inherently fascistic.
1995: Mathematician and logician Alonzo Church dies. He made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science.
2003: Mathematician and academic Armand Borel dies. He worked in algebraic topology, and in the theory of Lie groups, contributing to the creation of the contemporary theory of linear algebraic groups.