Template:Selected anniversaries/July 20: Difference between revisions

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||AD 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots.
||AD 70: Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots.


|File:Didacus automaton profile.jpg|link=Didacus automaton (nonfiction)|1562: [[Didacus automaton (nonfiction)|Didacus automaton]] develops self-awareness, invents new class of [[Gnomon algorithm functions]].
File:Franciscus_Raphelengius.jpg|link=Franciscus Raphelengius (nonfiction)|1597: Scholar, printer, and bookseller [[Franciscus Raphelengius (nonfiction)|Franciscus Raphelengius]] dies. Raphelengius produced an Arabic-Latin dictionary, about 550 pages, which was published posthumously in 1613 at Leiden — the first publication by printing press of a book-length dictionary for the Arabic language in Latin.  


||Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau (b. 20 July 1700, Paris), was a French physician, naval engineer and botanist.
||1700: Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau born ... physician, naval engineer and botanist. Pic.


||1804 – Richard Owen, English biologist, anatomist, and paleontologist (d. 1892)
||1804: Richard Owen born ... biologist, comparative anatomist and paleontologist. Despite being a controversial figure, Owen is generally considered to have been an outstanding naturalist with a remarkable gift for interpreting fossils. He produced a vast array of scientific work, but is probably best remembered today for coining the word Dinosauria (meaning "Terrible Reptile" or "Fearfully Great Reptile"). Pic.


||1807 – French brothers Claude and Nicéphore Niépce received a patent for their Pyréolophore, one of the world's first internal combustion engines.
||1807: French brothers Claude and Nicéphore Niépce received a patent for their Pyréolophore, one of the world's first internal combustion engines. Pic.


||1822 – Gregor Mendel, Austro-German monk, geneticist and botanist (d. 1884)
||1819: Rev Prof John Playfair dies ... Church of Scotland minister, remembered as a scientist and mathematician, and a professor of natural philosophy at the University of Edinburgh.  Pic.


||1864 – Ruggero Oddi, Italian physiologist and anatomist (d. 1913) narcotics abuse, financial improprieties
||1822: Gregor Mendel born ... monk, geneticist and botanist. Pic.
 
||1864: Ruggero Oddi born ... physiologist and anatomist ... narcotics abuse, financial improprieties. Pic.


File:Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann.jpg|link=Bernhard Riemann (nonfiction)|1866: Mathematician and academic [[Bernhard Riemann (nonfiction)|Bernhard Riemann]] dies. He made contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry.
File:Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann.jpg|link=Bernhard Riemann (nonfiction)|1866: Mathematician and academic [[Bernhard Riemann (nonfiction)|Bernhard Riemann]] dies. He made contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry.


File:Riemann critical line.png|link=Riemann hypothesis (nonfiction)|1867: [[Riemann hypothesis (nonfiction)|Riemann hypothesis]]: The real part (red) and imaginary part (blue) of the Riemann zeta function along the critical line Re(s) = 1/2 pre-visualizes non-trivial [[crimes against mathematical constants]] at Im(s) = ±14.135, ±21.022 and ±25.011.
||1876: Mathematician and academic Otto Blumenthal dies in the Theresienstadt concentration camp. Blumenthal made a fundamental, though often overlooked, contribution to aerodynamics by building on Joukowsky's work to extract the complex transformation that carries the latter's name. Pic.


||1876 – Otto Blumenthal, German mathematician and academic (d. 1944)
||1882: Olga Hahn-Neurath born ... mathematician and philosopher ... Boolean algebra. She is best known for being a member of the Vienna Circle. Pic search.


||1882 – Olga Hahn-Neurath, Austrian mathematician and philosopher (d. 1937)
||1888: Paul Langerhans dies ... pathologist, physiologist and biologist. Pic.


||Geneve Lucy Angela Shaffer (b. July 20, 1888) was a American realtor, lecturer and author. In 1909 she was touted by the San Francisco Call as "the first woman in the world to sail in a flying machine".
||1888: Geneve Lucy Angela Shaffer born ... realtor, lecturer and author. In 1909 she was touted by the San Francisco Call as "the first woman in the world to sail in a flying machine". Pic.


|File:Mark Twain by Abdullah Frères, 1867.jpg|link=Mark Twain (nonfiction)|1889: [[Mark Twain (nonfiction)|Mark Twain]] alleges that [[Baron Zersetzung]] is "trafficking in [[Clandestiphrine]] and [[Extract of Radium]], to the detriment of clear and rational thought, relentless seeking to corrupt, usurp, and digest what remains of the Republic."
|File:Mark Twain by Abdullah Frères, 1867.jpg|link=Mark Twain (nonfiction)|1889: [[Mark Twain (nonfiction)|Mark Twain]] alleges that [[Baron Zersetzung]] is "trafficking in [[Clandestiphrine]] and [[Extract of Radium]], to the detriment of clear and rational thought, relentless seeking to corrupt, usurp, and digest what remains of the Republic."


||1890 – Julie Vinter Hansen, Danish-Swiss astronomer and academic (d. 1960)
||1890: Julie Vinter Hansen born ... astronomer and academic. Pic.
 
||1892: Karl Lark-Horovitz born ... physicist known for his pioneering work in solid-state physics that played a role in the invention of the transistor. He brought the previously neglected Physics Department at Purdue University to prominence during his tenure there as department head from 1929 until his death in 1958. Pic.
 
||1897: Tadeusz Reichstein born ... chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate. Pic.
 
||1902: Paul Karl Maria Harteck born ... physical chemist. In 1945 under Operation Epsilon in "the big sweep" throughout Germany, Harteck was arrested by the allied British and American Armed Forces for suspicion of aiding the Nazis in their nuclear weapons program and he was incarcerated at Farm Hall, an English house fitted with covert electronic listening devices, for six months. Pic.
 
||1908: Karl Bernhard Zoeppritz born ... geophysicist who made important contributions to seismology, in particular the formulation of the Zoeppritz equations.


||Karl Lark-Horovitz (b. July 20, 1892) was an American physicist known for his pioneering work in solid-state physics that played a role in the invention of the transistor. He brought the previously neglected Physics Department at Purdue University to prominence during his tenure there as department head from 1929 until his death in 1958. Pic.
|File:Adolph Winkler Goodman.jpg|link=|1915: Adolph Winkler Goodman born ... mathematician who contributed to number theory, graph theory and to the theory of univalent functions: The conjecture on the coefficients of multivalent functions named after him is considered the most interesting challenge in the area after the Bieberbach conjecture. Pic uploaded.


||1897 – Tadeusz Reichstein, Polish-Swiss chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)
||1919: Rolf Hagedorn born ... theoretical physicist who worked at CERN. He is known for the idea that hadronic matter has a "melting point". The Hagedorn temperature is named in his honor. Pic.


||Paul Karl Maria Harteck (b. 20 July 1902) was a German physical chemist. In 1945 under Operation Epsilon in "the big sweep" throughout Germany, Harteck was arrested by the allied British and American Armed Forces for suspicion of aiding the Nazis in their nuclear weapons program and he was incarcerated at Farm Hall, an English house fitted with covert electronic listening devices, for six months. Pic.
||1920: Cartha DeLoach born ... FBI agent and author. Pic.


||Karl Bernhard Zoeppritz (d. 20 July 1908) was a German geophysicist who made important contributions to seismology, in particular the formulation of the Zoeppritz equations.
||1922: Andrey Markov dies ... mathematician and theorist. Pic.


||Rolf Hagedorn (b. 20 July 1919) was a German theoretical physicist who worked at CERN. He is known for the idea that hadronic matter has a "melting point". The Hagedorn temperature is named in his honor. Pic.
||1925: Eugene van Tamelen born ... organic chemist who is especially recognized for his contributions to bioorganic chemistry. He pioneered in what is today called biomimetic synthesis. Pic search groovy.


||1922 – Andrey Markov, Russian mathematician and theorist (b. 1856)
||1929: Roland Lvovich Dobrushin born ... mathematician who made important contributions to probability theory, mathematical physics, and information theory. Pic.


||Roland Lvovich Dobrushin (b. July 20, 1929) was a mathematician who made important contributions to probability theory, mathematical physics, and information theory. Pic.
||1929: Bert R. Bulkin born ... aeronautical engineer who participated in the first United States photo-reconnaissance satellite programs and is best known for his role in building the Hubble Space Telescope. Pic.


File:Bonus marchers.gif|link=Bonus Army (nonfiction)|1932: In Washington, D.C., police fire tear gas on World War I veterans, part of the [[Bonus Army (nonfiction)|Bonus Expeditionary Force]], who attempt to march to the White House.
File:Bonus marchers.gif|link=Bonus Army (nonfiction)|1932: In Washington, D.C., police fire tear gas on World War I veterans, part of the [[Bonus Army (nonfiction)|Bonus Expeditionary Force]], who attempt to march to the White House.


||1934 – Labor unrest in the U.S.: Police in Minneapolis fire upon striking truck drivers, during the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934, killing two and wounding sixty-seven.
||1933: Ciprian Foiaș born ... mathematician ... contributions in operator theory. Pic.
 
||1934: Labor unrest in the U.S.: Police in Minneapolis fire upon striking truck drivers, during the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934, killing two and wounding sixty-seven.


||1934 – West Coast waterfront strike: In Seattle, police fire tear gas on and club 2,000 striking longshoremen. The governor of Oregon calls out the National Guard to break a strike on the Portland docks.
||1934: West Coast waterfront strike: In Seattle, police fire tear gas on and club 2,000 striking longshoremen. The governor of Oregon calls out the National Guard to break a strike on the Portland docks.


|1937 – Olga Hahn-Neurath, Austrian mathematician and philosopher from the Vienna Circle (b. 1882)
||1937: Olga Hahn-Neurath dies ... mathematician and philosopher ... Boolean algebra. She is best known for being a member of the Vienna Circle. Pic search.


File:Guglielmo Marconi.jpg|link=Guglielmo Marconi (nonfiction)|1937: Businessman and inventor [[Guglielmo Marconi (nonfiction)|Guglielmo Marconi]] dies.  He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".
File:Guglielmo Marconi.jpg|link=Guglielmo Marconi (nonfiction)|1937: Businessman and inventor [[Guglielmo Marconi (nonfiction)|Guglielmo Marconi]] dies.  He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".


||1938 – The United States Department of Justice files suit in New York City against the motion picture industry charging violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act in regards to the studio system. The case would eventually result in a break-up of the industry in 1948.
||1938: The United States Department of Justice files suit in New York City against the motion picture industry charging violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act in regards to the studio system. The case would eventually result in a break-up of the industry in 1948.
 
||1941: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin consolidates the Commissariats of Home Affairs and National Security to form the NKVD and names Lavrentiy Beria its chief.
 
||1944: World War II: Adolf Hitler survives an assassination attempt led by German Army Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg.


File:Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann.jpg|link=Ferdinand von Lindemann (nonfiction)|1938: Mathematician and crime-fighter [[Ferdinand von Lindemann (nonfiction)|Ferdinand von Lindemann]] uses the transcendental property of π (pi) to detect and prevent [[crimes against mathematical constants]].
File:Officials of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency.jpg|link=Operation Paperclip (nonfiction)|1945: The United States Secretary of State approves the transfer of Wernher von Braun and his team of Nazi rocket scientists to the U.S. under [[Operation Paperclip (nonfiction)|Operation Paperclip]].


||1941 – Soviet leader Joseph Stalin consolidates the Commissariats of Home Affairs and National Security to form the NKVD and names Lavrentiy Beria its chief.
||1950: Cold War: In Philadelphia, Harry Gold pleads guilty to spying for the Soviet Union by passing secrets from atomic scientist Klaus Fuchs.


||1944 – World War II: Adolf Hitler survives an assassination attempt led by German Army Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg.
||1954: Germany: Otto John, head of West Germany's secret service, defects to East Germany.


||1950 – Cold War: In Philadelphia, Harry Gold pleads guilty to spying for the Soviet Union by passing secrets from atomic scientist Klaus Fuchs.
||1960: The Polaris missile is successfully launched from a submarine, the USS George Washington, for the first time.


||1954 – Germany: Otto John, head of West Germany's secret service, defects to East Germany.
||1969: Apollo program: Apollo 11's crew successfully makes the first manned landing on the Moon in the Sea of Tranquility. Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon (July 21 UTC).


||1960 – The Polaris missile is successfully launched from a submarine, the USS George Washington, for the first time.
||1970: Mathematician Ted Youngs dies. Youngs worked in geometric topology; he is famous for the Ringel–Youngs theorem which proved the Heawood conjecture, a problem closely related to the Four color theorem for surfaces of higher genus. Pic search.


||1969 – Apollo program: Apollo 11's crew successfully makes the first manned landing on the Moon in the Sea of Tranquility. Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon (July 21 UTC).
||1976: The American Viking 1 lander successfully lands on Mars.


||1976 – The American Viking 1 lander successfully lands on Mars.
||1976: Joseph Rochefort dies ... American Naval officer and cryptanalyst. His contributions and those of his team were pivotal to victory in the Pacific War. Rochefort was a major figure in the United States Navy's cryptographic and intelligence operations from 1925 to 1946, particularly in the Battle of Midway. Pic.


||Joseph John Rochefort (d. July 20, 1976) was an American Naval officer and cryptanalyst. His contributions and those of his team were pivotal to victory in the Pacific War. Rochefort was a major figure in the United States Navy's cryptographic and intelligence operations from 1925 to 1946, particularly in the Battle of Midway.
||1977: The Central Intelligence Agency releases documents under the Freedom of Information Act revealing it had engaged in mind-control experiments


||1977 – The Central Intelligence Agency releases documents under the Freedom of Information Act revealing it had engaged in mind-control experiments
||1977: Fritz Joachim Weyl  dies ... mathematician. Pic.


||Fritz Joachim Weyl (d. July 20, 1977) was born in Zurich, Switzerland. Today Weyl is regarded as a renowned mathematician.
||1997: Eric Charles Milner dies ... mathematician who worked mainly in combinatorial set theory. He is also known for the Milner–Rado paradox. No pic online.


File:MKUltra proposal.jpg|link=Project MKUltra (nonfiction)|1977: [[Project MKUltra (nonfiction)]]: The Central Intelligence Agency releases documents under the Freedom of Information Act revealing it had engaged in mind-control experiments.
File:MKUltra proposal.jpg|link=Project MKUltra (nonfiction)|1977: [[Project MKUltra (nonfiction)]]: The Central Intelligence Agency releases documents under the Freedom of Information Act revealing it had engaged in mind-control experiments.


||Gabriel Andrew Dirac (d. 20 July 1984) was a mathematician who mainly worked in graph theory. He stated a sufficient condition for a graph to contain a Hamiltonian circuit. In 1951 he conjectured that n points in the plane, not all collinear, must span at least [n/2] two-point lines, where [x] is the largest integer not exceeding x. This conjecture is still open.
||1984: Gabriel Andrew Dirac dies ... mathematician who mainly worked in graph theory. He stated a sufficient condition for a graph to contain a Hamiltonian circuit. In 1951 he conjectured that n points in the plane, not all collinear, must span at least [n/2] two-point lines, where [x] is the largest integer not exceeding x. This conjecture is still open. Pic search.


||Valentine "Valya" Bargmann (d. July 20, 1989) was a German-American mathematician and theoretical physicist.
||1989: Valentine "Valya" Bargmann dies ... mathematician and theoretical physicist. Pic.


||Karl Longin Zeller (d. 2006, Tübingen) was a German mathematician and computer scientist who worked in numerical analysis and approximation theory. He is the namesake of Zeller operators. Zeller was drafted into the German army, and lost his right arm on the Soviet front of World War II. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Tübingen in 1950, under the supervision of Konrad Knopp and Erich Kamke, and remained at Tübingen for most of his career as a professor and as director of the computer center. He left Tübingen in 1959 for a professorship in Stuttgart but returned to Tübingen in 1960 with a personal chair in "the mathematics of supercomputer facilities" (German: Mathematik der Hochleistungsrechenanlagen), making him one of the founders of computer science in Germany.
||2006: Karl Longin Zeller dies ... mathematician and computer scientist who worked in numerical analysis and approximation theory. He is the namesake of Zeller operators. Zeller was drafted into the German army, and lost his right arm on the Soviet front of World War II. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Tübingen in 1950, under the supervision of Konrad Knopp and Erich Kamke, and remained at Tübingen for most of his career as a professor and as director of the computer center. He left Tübingen in 1959 for a professorship in Stuttgart but returned to Tübingen in 1960 with a personal chair in "the mathematics of supercomputer facilities" (German: Mathematik der Hochleistungsrechenanlagen), making him one of the founders of computer science in Germany.


||Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn (d. 2007) was a Swedish physicist.
||2007: Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn dies ... physicist. Pic.


File:Pin Man.jpg|link=Pin Man|2017: [[Pin Man]] says he "was involved with [[Project MKUltra (nonfiction)]]."
File:Pin Man.jpg|link=Pin Man|2018: [[Pin Man]] says he "was an unwilling test subject in the [[Project MKUltra (nonfiction)]]."


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Latest revision as of 10:16, 7 February 2022

  • 1597: Scholar, printer, and bookseller Franciscus Raphelengius dies. Raphelengius produced an Arabic-Latin dictionary, about 550 pages, which was published posthumously in 1613 at Leiden — the first publication by printing press of a book-length dictionary for the Arabic language in Latin.

    1597: Scholar, printer, and bookseller Franciscus Raphelengius dies. Raphelengius produced an Arabic-Latin dictionary, about 550 pages, which was published posthumously in 1613 at Leiden — the first publication by printing press of a book-length dictionary for the Arabic language in Latin.

  • 1866: Mathematician and academic Bernhard Riemann dies. He made contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry.

    1866: Mathematician and academic Bernhard Riemann dies. He made contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry.

  • 1932: In Washington, D.C., police fire tear gas on World War I veterans, part of the Bonus Expeditionary Force, who attempt to march to the White House.

    1932: In Washington, D.C., police fire tear gas on World War I veterans, part of the Bonus Expeditionary Force, who attempt to march to the White House.

  • 1937: Businessman and inventor Guglielmo Marconi dies. He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".

    1937: Businessman and inventor Guglielmo Marconi dies. He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".

  • 1945: The United States Secretary of State approves the transfer of Wernher von Braun and his team of Nazi rocket scientists to the U.S. under Operation Paperclip.

    1945: The United States Secretary of State approves the transfer of Wernher von Braun and his team of Nazi rocket scientists to the U.S. under Operation Paperclip.

  • 1977: Project MKUltra (nonfiction): The Central Intelligence Agency releases documents under the Freedom of Information Act revealing it had engaged in mind-control experiments.

    1977: Project MKUltra (nonfiction): The Central Intelligence Agency releases documents under the Freedom of Information Act revealing it had engaged in mind-control experiments.

  • 2018: Pin Man says he "was an unwilling test subject in the Project MKUltra (nonfiction)."

    2018: Pin Man says he "was an unwilling test subject in the Project MKUltra (nonfiction)."

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