Tephra (nonfiction)
Distribution and effects
The distribution of tephra following an eruption usually involves the largest boulders falling to the ground quickest and therefore closest to the vent, while smaller fragments travel further — ash can often travel for thousands of miles, even circumglobal, as it can stay in the stratosphere for days to weeks following an eruption.
When large amounts of tephra accumulate in the atmosphere from massive volcanic eruptions (or from a multitude of smaller eruptions occurring simultaneously), they can reflect light and heat from the sun back through the atmosphere, in some cases causing the temperature to drop, resulting in a temporary, "volcanic winter", climate change.
Tephra mixed in with precipitation can also be acidic and cause acid rain and snowfall.
Classification
Tephra fragments are classified by size:
- Ash – particles smaller than 2 mm (0.08 inches) in diameter,
- Lapilli or volcanic cinders – between 2 and 64 mm (0.08 and 2.5 inches) in diameter,
- Volcanic bombs or volcanic blocks – larger than 64 mm (2.5 inches) in diameter.
The use of tephra layers, which bear their own unique chemistry and character, as temporal marker horizons in archaeological and geological sites is known as tephrochronology.
Etymology
The word "tephra" and "pyroclast" both derive from Greek: τέφρα tephra means "ash", while the word pyroclast is derived from the Greek πῦρ (pyr), meaning "fire", and κλαστός (klastos), meaning "broken in pieces".